Pittet LF Emonet S Schrenzel J Siegrist CA Posfay-Barbe KM 2014 Bordetella holmesii, first described in 1995, is believed to cause both invasive infections (bacteraemia, meningitis, endocarditis, pericarditis, pneumonia, and arthritis) and pertussis-like symptoms. Infection with B holmesii is frequently misidentified as being with B pertussis, the cause of whooping cough, because routine diagnostic tests for pertussis are not species-specific. In this Review, we summarise knowledge about B holmesii diagnosis and treatment, and assess research needs. Although no fatal cases of B holmesii have been reported, associated invasive infections can cause substantial morbidities, even in previously healthy individuals. Antimicrobial treatment can be problematic because B holmesii's susceptibility to macrolides (used empirically to treat B pertussis) and third-generation cephalosporins (often used to treat invasive infections) is lower than would be expected. B holmesii's adaptation to human beings is continuing, and virulence might increase, causing the need for better diagnostic assays and epidemiological surveillance. https://sonar.ch/global/documents/174766 eng info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70021-0 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pmid/24721229 The Lancet. Infectious diseases. - 2014 Bacteremia Bordetella Bordetella Infections Diagnosis, Differential Genome, Bacterial Humans Incidence Microbial Sensitivity Tests Prevalence Species Specificity Virulence Bordetella holmesii: an under-recognised Bordetella species. http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501