Heeb S Haas D 2001 The sensor kinase GacS and the response regulator GacA are members of a two-component system that is present in a wide variety of gram-negative bacteria and has been studied mainly in enteric bacteria and fluorescent pseudomonads. The GacS/GacA system controls the production of secondary metabolites and extracellular enzymes involved in pathogenicity to plants and animals, biocontrol of soilborne plant diseases, ecological fitness, or tolerance to stress. A current model proposes that GacS senses a still-unknown signal and activates, via a phosphorelay mechanism, the GacA transcription regulator, which in turn triggers the expression of target genes. The GacS protein belongs to the unorthodox sensor kinases, characterized by an autophosphorylation, a receiver, and an output domain. The periplasmic loop domain of GacS is poorly conserved in diverse bacteria. Thus, a common signal interacting with this domain would be unexpected. Based on a comparison with the transcriptional regulator NarL, a secondary structure can be predicted for the GacA sensor kinases. Certain genes whose expression is regulated by the GacS/GacA system are regulated in parallel by the small RNA binding protein RsmA (CsrA) at a posttranscriptional level. It is suggested that the GacS/GacA system operates a switch between primary and secondary metabolism, with a major involvement of posttranscriptional control mechanisms. application/pdf https://sonar.ch/global/documents/189588 eng info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1094/MPMI.2001.14.12.1351 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pmid/11768529 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI. - 2001 Bacterial Proteins Genes, Regulator Gram-Negative Bacteria Plants Protein Kinases Transcription Factors Regulatory roles of the GacS/GacA two-component system in plant-associated and other gram-negative bacteria. http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501