Barthel A Benker G Berens K Diederich S Manfras B Gruber M Kanczkowski W Kline G Kamvissi-Lorenz V Hahner S Beuschlein F Brennand A Boehm BO Torpy DJ Bornstein SR 2019 Addison's disease - the traditional term for primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) - is defined as the clinical manifestation of chronic glucocorticoid- and/or mineralocorticoid deficiency due to failure of the adrenal cortex which may result in an adrenal crisis with potentially life-threatening consequences. Even though efficient and safe pharmaceutical preparations for the substitution of endogenous gluco- and mineralocorticoids are established in therapy, the mortality in patients with PAI is still increased and the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is often reduced.PAI is a rare disease but recent data report an increasing prevalence. In addition to the common "classical" causes of PAI like autoimmune, infectious, neoplastic and genetic disorders, other iatrogenic conditions - mostly pharmacological side effects (e. g., adrenal haemorrhage associated with anticoagulants, drugs affecting glucocorticoid synthesis, action or metabolism and some of the novel anti-cancer checkpoint inhibitors) are contributing factors to this phenomenon.Due to the rarity of the disease and often non-specific symptoms at least in the early stages, PAI is frequently not considered resulting in a delayed diagnosis. Successful therapy is mainly based on adequate patient education as a cornerstone in the prevention and management of adrenal crisis. A focus of current research is in the development of pharmacokinetically optimized glucocorticoid preparations as well as regenerative therapies. application/pdf https://sonar.ch/global/documents/215765 eng info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1055/a-0804-2715 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pmid/30562824 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association. - 2019 Addison Disease Humans An Update on Addison's Disease. http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501