von Arx T 2011 Apical surgery is considered a standard oral surgical procedure. It is often a last resort to surgically maintain a tooth with a periapical lesion that cannot be managed with conventional endodontic (re-)treatment. The main goal of apical surgery is to prevent bacterial leakage from the root-canal system into the periradicular tissues by placing a tight root-end filling following root-end resection. Clinicians are advised to utilize a surgical microscope to perform apical surgery to benefit from magnification and illumination. In addition, the application of microsurgical techniques in apical surgery, i.e., gentle incision and flap elevation, production of a small osteotomy, and the use of sonic- or ultrasonic driven microtips, will result in less trauma to the patient and faster postsurgical healing. A major step in apical surgery is to identify possible leakage areas at the cut root face and subsequently to ensure adequate root-end filling. Only a tight and persistent apical obturation will allow periapical healing with good long-term prognosis. The present paper describes current indications, techniques and outcome of apical surgery. https://sonar.ch/global/documents/46883 eng info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1016/j.sdentj.2010.10.004 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pmid/24151412 The Saudi dental journal. - 2011 Apical surgery Computed tomography Mineral trioxide aggregate Apical surgery: A review of current techniques and outcome. http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501