Salaun B Greutert M Romero P 2009 Toll-like receptors (TLR) recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns, and the binding of their specific ligands triggers a proinflammatory response that helps to fight invading microorganisms, and can be harnessed to increase vaccine efficiency. The present study demonstrates that double-stranded RNA is a promising vaccine adjuvant able to increase both proliferation and activation of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells. Importantly, TLR3 is required for this adjuvant effect, as TLR3 deficient recipients failed to enhance proliferation of adoptively transferred TCR transgenic CD8(+) T cells in the presence of double-stranded RNA. Finally, this study also shows that, in contrast to previous reports in humans, TLR3 does not exert direct costimulatory activity on CD8(+) T cells in mice. https://sonar.ch/global/documents/78519 eng info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.044 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pmid/19195489 Vaccine. - 2009 Adjuvants, Immunologic Adsorption Aluminum Hydroxide Animals Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic Antibodies, Monoclonal Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived Body Temperature DNA Ethylene Glycols Extracellular Fluid Humans Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Indicators and Reagents Isoelectric Focusing Mice Sheep Thermodynamics Toll-Like Receptor 3 Vaccines Toll-like receptor 3 is necessary for dsRNA adjuvant effects. http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501