<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:creator>Mohr-Jensen C</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Steinhausen HC</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2016</dc:date>
  <dc:description xmlns:ns0="xml" ns0:lang="en">The primary aim of this study was to systematically review and estimate the risk of arrests, convictions, and incarcerations associated with childhood Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in long-term outcome studies. In addition, all included studies were qualitatively and systematically reviewed for predictors of long-term crimes. The databases Pubmed, PsycINFO and Embase were searched for all controlled studies that included children and adolescents (age 4-15) with ADHD who had been followed longitudinally and reported the frequency of arrests, convictions or incarcerations based on data from official sources. Using random-effects models, the relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) was estimated. A total of 15,442 individuals with childhood ADHD from nine unique samples were included. Childhood ADHD was significantly associated with adolescent and adulthood arrests (RR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.3-3.5), convictions (RR: 3.3, 95% CI: 2.1-5.2) and incarcerations (RR: 2.9, 95% CI: 1.9-4.3). Individuals with ADHD had a younger age at onset of antisocial involvement and an increased risk of criminal recidivism. The most frequently committed criminal offenses were theft, assault, drug- and weapon-related crimes. Early antisocial behavior problems, childhood maltreatment, sex, and IQ were identified as potentially relevant predictors for antisocial outcomes. The findings support a substantial long-term risk associated with ADHD for later antisocial involvement. Early intensive and specifically targeted multimodal intervention including psychosocial, and pharmacological treatment is warranted to alter these negative long-term developmental trajectories.</dc:description>
  <dc:identifier>https://sonar.ch/global/documents/96929</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>eng</dc:language>
  <dc:relation>info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.05.002</dc:relation>
  <dc:relation>info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pmid/27390061</dc:relation>
  <dc:source>Clinical psychology review. - 2016</dc:source>
  <dc:subject xmlns:ns1="xml" ns1:lang="en">ADHD</dc:subject>
  <dc:subject xmlns:ns2="xml" ns2:lang="en">Crime</dc:subject>
  <dc:subject xmlns:ns3="xml" ns3:lang="en">Longitudinal</dc:subject>
  <dc:subject xmlns:ns4="xml" ns4:lang="en">Meta-analysis</dc:subject>
  <dc:subject xmlns:ns5="xml" ns5:lang="en">Adolescent</dc:subject>
  <dc:subject xmlns:ns6="xml" ns6:lang="en">Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity</dc:subject>
  <dc:subject xmlns:ns7="xml" ns7:lang="en">Child</dc:subject>
  <dc:subject xmlns:ns8="xml" ns8:lang="en">Child Abuse</dc:subject>
  <dc:subject xmlns:ns9="xml" ns9:lang="en">Child, Preschool</dc:subject>
  <dc:subject xmlns:ns10="xml" ns10:lang="en">Crime</dc:subject>
  <dc:subject xmlns:ns11="xml" ns11:lang="en">Criminals</dc:subject>
  <dc:subject xmlns:ns12="xml" ns12:lang="en">Humans</dc:subject>
  <dc:subject xmlns:ns13="xml" ns13:lang="en">Risk</dc:subject>
  <dc:subject xmlns:ns14="xml" ns14:lang="en">Sex Factors</dc:subject>
  <dc:title xmlns:ns15="xml" ns15:lang="en">A meta-analysis and systematic review of the risks associated with childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder on long-term outcome of arrests, convictions, and incarcerations.</dc:title>
  <dc:type>http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>