A comprehensive quantification of global nitrous oxide sources and sinks.
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Tian H
International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA. tianhan@auburn.edu.
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Xu R
International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
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Canadell JG
Global Carbon Project, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
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Thompson RL
Norsk Institutt for Luftforskning, NILU, Kjeller, Norway.
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Winiwarter W
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.
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Suntharalingam P
School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
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Davidson EA
Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Frostburg, MD, USA.
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Ciais P
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE, CEA CNRS, UVSQ UPSACLAY, Gif sur Yvette, France.
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Jackson RB
Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Janssens-Maenhout G
European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy.
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Prather MJ
Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Regnier P
Department of Geoscience, Environment & Society, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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Pan N
International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
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Pan S
International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
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Peters GP
CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway.
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Shi H
International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
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Tubiello FN
Statistics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
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Zaehle S
Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany.
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Zhou F
Sino-France Institute of Earth Systems Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Arneth A
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research/Atmospheric Environmental Research, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.
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Battaglia G
Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Berthet S
Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques (CNRM), Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, Toulouse, France.
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Bopp L
LMD-IPSL, Ecole Normale Supérieure / PSL Université, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
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Bouwman AF
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague, The Netherlands.
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Buitenhuis ET
School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
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Chang J
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE, CEA CNRS, UVSQ UPSACLAY, Gif sur Yvette, France.
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Chipperfield MP
National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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Dangal SRS
Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA, USA.
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Dlugokencky E
NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA.
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Elkins JW
NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA.
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Eyre BD
Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry, School of Environment Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia.
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Fu B
State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Hall B
NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA.
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Ito A
Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan.
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Joos F
Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Krummel PB
Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia.
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Landolfi A
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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Laruelle GG
Department of Geoscience, Environment & Society, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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Lauerwald R
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE, CEA CNRS, UVSQ UPSACLAY, Gif sur Yvette, France.
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Li W
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE, CEA CNRS, UVSQ UPSACLAY, Gif sur Yvette, France.
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Lienert S
Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Maavara T
Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, New Haven, CT, USA.
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MacLeod M
Land Economy, Environment & Society, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, UK.
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Millet DB
Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA.
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Olin S
Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Patra PK
Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Japan.
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Prinn RG
Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Raymond PA
Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Ruiz DJ
Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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van der Werf GR
Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Vuichard N
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE, CEA CNRS, UVSQ UPSACLAY, Gif sur Yvette, France.
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Wang J
Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
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Weiss RF
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Wells KC
Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA.
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Wilson C
National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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Yang J
Department of Forestry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA.
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Yao Y
International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
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English
Nitrous oxide (N2O), like carbon dioxide, is a long-lived greenhouse gas that accumulates in the atmosphere. Over the past 150 years, increasing atmospheric N2O concentrations have contributed to stratospheric ozone depletion1 and climate change2, with the current rate of increase estimated at 2 per cent per decade. Existing national inventories do not provide a full picture of N2O emissions, owing to their omission of natural sources and limitations in methodology for attributing anthropogenic sources. Here we present a global N2O inventory that incorporates both natural and anthropogenic sources and accounts for the interaction between nitrogen additions and the biochemical processes that control N2O emissions. We use bottom-up (inventory, statistical extrapolation of flux measurements, process-based land and ocean modelling) and top-down (atmospheric inversion) approaches to provide a comprehensive quantification of global N2O sources and sinks resulting from 21 natural and human sectors between 1980 and 2016. Global N2O emissions were 17.0 (minimum-maximum estimates: 12.2-23.5) teragrams of nitrogen per year (bottom-up) and 16.9 (15.9-17.7) teragrams of nitrogen per year (top-down) between 2007 and 2016. Global human-induced emissions, which are dominated by nitrogen additions to croplands, increased by 30% over the past four decades to 7.3 (4.2-11.4) teragrams of nitrogen per year. This increase was mainly responsible for the growth in the atmospheric burden. Our findings point to growing N2O emissions in emerging economies-particularly Brazil, China and India. Analysis of process-based model estimates reveals an emerging N2O-climate feedback resulting from interactions between nitrogen additions and climate change. The recent growth in N2O emissions exceeds some of the highest projected emission scenarios3,4, underscoring the urgency to mitigate N2O emissions.
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green
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https://sonar.ch/global/documents/111297
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