Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans.

• Lazaridis I 1] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
• Patterson N Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
• Mittnik A Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany.
• Renaud G Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
• Mallick S 1] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
• Kirsanow K Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz D-55128, Germany.
• Sudmant PH Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
• Schraiber JG 1] Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. [2] Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3140, USA.
• Castellano S Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
• Lipson M Department of Mathematics and Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
• Berger B 1] Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [2] Department of Mathematics and Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
• Economou C Archaeological Research Laboratory, Stockholm University, 114 18, Sweden.
• Bollongino R Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz D-55128, Germany.
• Fu Q 1] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany. [3] Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, IVPP, CAS, Beijing 100049, China.
• Bos KI Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany.
• Nordenfelt S 1] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
• Li H 1] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
• de Filippo C Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
• Prüfer K Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
• Sawyer S Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
• Posth C Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany.
• Haak W Australian Centre for Ancient DNA and Environment Institute, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
• Hallgren F The Cultural Heritage Foundation, Västerås 722 12, Sweden.
• Fornander E The Cultural Heritage Foundation, Västerås 722 12, Sweden.
• Rohland N 1] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
• Delsate D 1] National Museum of Natural History, L-2160, Luxembourg. [2] National Center of Archaeological Research, National Museum of History and Art, L-2345, Luxembourg.
• Francken M Department of Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, University of Tübingen, Tübingen D-72070, Germany.
• Guinet JM National Museum of Natural History, L-2160, Luxembourg.
• Wahl J State Office for Cultural Heritage Management Baden-Württemberg, Osteology, Konstanz D-78467, Germany.
• Ayodo G Center for Global Health and Child Development, Kisumu 40100, Kenya.
• Babiker HA 1] Institutes of Evolution, Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK. [2] Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Alkhod, Muscat 123, Oman.
• Bailliet G Laboratorio de Genética Molecular Poblacional, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), CCT-CONICET &CICPBA, La Plata, B1906APO, Argentina.
• Balanovska E Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow 115478, Russia.
• Balanovsky O 1] Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow 115478, Russia. [2] Vavilov Institute for General Genetics, Moscow 119991, Russia.
• Barrantes R Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 2060, Costa Rica.
• Bedoya G Institute of Biology, Research group GENMOL, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
• Ben-Ami H Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 31096, Israel.
• Bene J Department of Medical Genetics and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
• Berrada F Al Akhawayn University in Ifrane (AUI), School of Science and Engineering, Ifrane 53000, Morocco.
• Bravi CM Laboratorio de Genética Molecular Poblacional, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), CCT-CONICET &CICPBA, La Plata, B1906APO, Argentina.
• Brisighelli F Forensic Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Legal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy.
• Busby GB 1] Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK. [2] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
• Cali F Laboratorio di Genetica Molecolare, IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Troina 94018, Italy.
• Churnosov M Belgorod State University, Belgorod 308015, Russia.
• Cole DE Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L5, Canada.
• Corach D Servicio de Huellas Digitales Genéticas, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1113 CABA, Argentina.
• Damba L Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
• van Driem G Institute of Linguistics, University of Bern, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland.
• Dryomov S Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
• Dugoujon JM Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse 31000, France.
• Fedorova SA North-Eastern Federal University and Yakut Research Center of Complex Medical Problems, Yakutsk 677013, Russia.
• Gallego Romero I Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
• Gubina M Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
• Hammer M ARL Division of Biotechnology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
• Henn BM Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA.
• Hervig T Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen 5021, Norway.
• Hodoglugil U NextBio, Illumina, Santa Clara, California 95050, USA.
• Jha AR Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
• Karachanak-Yankova S Department of Medical Genetics, National Human Genome Center, Medical University Sofia, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria.
• Khusainova R 1] Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa 450054, Russia. [2] Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa 450074, Russia.
• Khusnutdinova E 1] Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa 450054, Russia. [2] Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa 450074, Russia.
• Kittles R College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA.
• Kivisild T Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QH, UK.
• Klitz W Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3140, USA.
• Kučinskas V Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Vilnius University, Vilnius LT-08661, Lithuania.
• Kushniarevich A Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia.
• Laredj L Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France.
• Litvinov S 1] Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa 450054, Russia. [2] Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa 450074, Russia. [3] Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia.
• Loukidis T 1] Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK. [2] Amgen, 33 Kazantzaki Str, Ilioupolis 16342, Athens, Greece (T.L.); Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India (L.S.).
• Mahley RW Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.
• Melegh B Department of Medical Genetics and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
• Metspalu E Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
• Molina J Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala.
• Mountain J Research Department, 23andMe, Mountain View, California 94043, USA.
• Näkkäläjärvi K Cultural Anthropology Program, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland.
• Nesheva D Department of Medical Genetics, National Human Genome Center, Medical University Sofia, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria.
• Nyambo T Department of Biochemistry, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam 65001, Tanzania.
• Osipova L Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
• Parik J Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
• Platonov F Research Institute of Health, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk 677000, Russia.
• Posukh O Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
• Romano V Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università di Palermo, Palermo 90128, Italy.
• Rothhammer F 1] Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile. [2] Programa de Genética Humana ICBM Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile. [3] Centro de Investigaciones del Hombre en el Desierto, Arica 1000000, Chile.
• Rudan I Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
• Ruizbakiev R 1] Institute of Immunology, Academy of Science, Tashkent 70000, Uzbekistan. [2].
• Sahakyan H 1] Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia. [2] Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan 0014, Armenia.
• Sajantila A 1] Department of Forensic Medicine, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland. [2] Institute of Applied Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA.
• Salas A Unidade de Xenética, Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica e Ciencias Forenses, and Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Grupo de Medicina Xenómica (GMX), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Galcia 15872, Spain.
• Starikovskaya EB Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
• Tarekegn A Research Fellow, Henry Stewart Group, Russell House, London WC1A 2HN, UK.
• Toncheva D Department of Medical Genetics, National Human Genome Center, Medical University Sofia, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria.
• Turdikulova S Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Academy of Sciences Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100125, Uzbekistan.
• Uktveryte I Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Vilnius University, Vilnius LT-08661, Lithuania.
• Utevska O Department of Genetics and Cytology, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv 61077, Ukraine.
• Vasquez R 1] Instituto Boliviano de Biología de la Altura, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, 591 2 La Paz, Bolivia. [2] UniversidadAutonoma Tomás Frías, Potosí, Bolivia.
• Villena M 1] Instituto Boliviano de Biología de la Altura, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, 591 2 La Paz, Bolivia. [2] UniversidadAutonoma Tomás Frías, Potosí, Bolivia.
• Voevoda M 1] Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. [2] Institute of Internal Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk 630089, Russia. [3] Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
• Winkler CA Basic Research Laboratory, NCI, NIH, Frederick National Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.
• Yepiskoposyan L Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan 0014, Armenia.
• Zalloua P 1] Lebanese American University, School of Medicine, Beirut 13-5053, Lebanon. [2] Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
• Zemunik T Department of Medical Biology, University of Split, School of Medicine, Split 21000, Croatia.
• Cooper A Australian Centre for Ancient DNA and Environment Institute, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
• Capelli C Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.
• Thomas MG Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
• Ruiz-Linares A Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
• Tishkoff SA Department of Biology and Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
• Singh L 1] CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India. [2] Amgen, 33 Kazantzaki Str, Ilioupolis 16342, Athens, Greece (T.L.); Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India (L.S.).
• Thangaraj K CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
• Villems R 1] Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia. [2] Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia. [3] Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn 10130, Estonia.
• Comas D Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain.
• Sukernik R Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
• Metspalu M Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia.
• Meyer M Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
• Eichler EE 1] Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
• Burger J Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz D-55128, Germany.
• Slatkin M Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3140, USA.
• Pääbo S Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
• Kelso J Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
• Reich D 1] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [3] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
• Krause J 1] Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany. [2] Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany. [3] Max Planck Institut für Geschichte und Naturwissenschaften, Jena 07745, Germany.

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