Effects of long-term averaging of quantitative blood pressure traits on the detection of genetic associations.
Ganesh SKDepartments of Internal Medicine and Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Electronic address: sganesh@umich.edu.
Chasman DIDivision of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, 02115, USA.
Larson MGFramingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA 01702, USA; Department of Mathematics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
Guo XInstitute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, CA 90502, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
Verwoert GDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Bis JCCardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
Gu XResearch Center for Human Genetics, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Smith AVIcelandic Heart Association, 201 Kopavogur, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
Yang MLDepartments of Internal Medicine and Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
Zhang YDepartment of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
Ehret GCenter for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns-Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Cardiology, Department of Specialties of Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
Rose LMDivision of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
Hwang SJFramingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA 01702, USA; Center for Population Studies, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Papanicolau GJDivision of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Sijbrands EJDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Rice KDepartment of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
Pihur VCenter for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns-Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
Ridker PMDivision of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, 02115, USA.
Vasan RSFramingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA 01702, USA; Divisions of Epidemiology and Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School for Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
Newton-Cheh CCardiovascular Research Center and Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
Raffel LJDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Amin NInstitute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, CA 90502, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
Rotter JIDepartment of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
Liu KLaboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Launer LJDepartment of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.
Xu MClinical Pharmacology and the Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
Caulfield MHuman Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Morrison ACFramingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA 01702, USA; Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Human Genomics Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 02892, USA.
Johnson ADDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
Vaidya DDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Dehghan ACardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
Li GHuman Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
Bouchard CLaboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Harris TBDepartments of Internal Medicine and Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
Zhang HHuman Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Boerwinkle ECardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
Siscovick DSDepartment of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.
Gao WDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, 2593 the Hague, the Netherlands.
Uitterlinden AGDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Rivadeneira FDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Hofman ADepartments of Internal Medicine and Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
Willer CJDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Franco OHDepartment of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
Huo YDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Witteman JCClinical Pharmacology and the Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
Munroe PBIcelandic Heart Association, 201 Kopavogur, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
Gudnason VDepartment of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
Palmas WDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, 2593 the Hague, the Netherlands; Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, 2593 the Hague, the Netherlands.
van Duijn CResearch Center for Human Genetics, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Fornage MFramingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA 01702, USA; Center for Population Studies, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
Levy DCardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
Psaty BMCenter for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns-Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Electronic address: aravinda@jhmi.edu.
English
Blood pressure (BP) is a heritable, quantitative trait with intraindividual variability and susceptibility to measurement error. Genetic studies of BP generally use single-visit measurements and thus cannot remove variability occurring over months or years. We leveraged the idea that averaging BP measured across time would improve phenotypic accuracy and thereby increase statistical power to detect genetic associations. We studied systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and pulse pressure (PP) averaged over multiple years in 46,629 individuals of European ancestry. We identified 39 trait-variant associations across 19 independent loci (p < 5 × 10(-8)); five associations (in four loci) uniquely identified by our LTA analyses included those of SBP and MAP at 2p23 (rs1275988, near KCNK3), DBP at 2q11.2 (rs7599598, in FER1L5), and PP at 6p21 (rs10948071, near CRIP3) and 7p13 (rs2949837, near IGFBP3). Replication analyses conducted in cohorts with single-visit BP data showed positive replication of associations and a nominal association (p < 0.05). We estimated a 20% gain in statistical power with long-term average (LTA) as compared to single-visit BP association studies. Using LTA analysis, we identified genetic loci influencing BP. LTA might be one way of increasing the power of genetic associations for continuous traits in extant samples for other phenotypes that are measured serially over time.