Longitudinal Analysis of Macronutrient Composition in Preterm and Term Human Milk: A Prospective Cohort Study.
- Fischer Fumeaux CJ Clinic of Neonatology, Department Woman Mother Child, University Hospital of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Garcia-Rodenas CL Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
- De Castro CA Clinical Development Unit, Nestlé Research Asia, 138567 Singapore, Singapore.
- Courtet-Compondu MC Nestlé Institute of Food Safety & Analytical Science, Nestlé Research, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Thakkar SK Nestlé Research Asia, 138567 Singapore, Singapore.
- Beauport L Clinic of Neonatology, Department Woman Mother Child, University Hospital of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Tolsa JF Clinic of Neonatology, Department Woman Mother Child, University Hospital of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Affolter M Nestlé Institute of Food Safety & Analytical Science, Nestlé Research, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland. Michael.Affolter@rdls.nestle.com.
- 2019-07-07
Published in:
- Nutrients. - 2019
fat
human milk
infant
lactose
macronutrients
neonate
nutrition
preterm
protein
term
Adult
Age Factors
Child Development
Dietary Fats
Energy Intake
Female
Gestational Age
Humans
Infant
Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
Infant, Newborn
Infant, Premature
Lactose
Longitudinal Studies
Male
Milk Proteins
Milk, Human
Nutritional Status
Nutritive Value
Pregnancy
Premature Birth
Prospective Studies
Sex Factors
Term Birth
Time Factors
English
BACKGROUND
Mother's own milk is the optimal source of nutrients and provides numerous health advantages for mothers and infants. As they have supplementary nutritional needs, very preterm infants may require fortification of human milk (HM). Addressing HM composition and variations is essential to optimize HM fortification strategies for these vulnerable infants.
AIMS
To analyze and compare macronutrient composition in HM of mothers lactating very preterm (PT) (28 0/7 to 32 6/7 weeks of gestational age, GA) and term (T) infants (37 0/7 to 41 6/7 weeks of GA) over time, both at similar postnatal and postmenstrual ages, and to investigate other potential factors of variations.
METHODS
Milk samples from 27 mothers of the PT infants and 34 mothers of the T infants were collected longitudinally at 12 points in time during four months for the PT HM and eight points in time during two months for the T HM. Macronutrient composition (proteins, fat, and lactose) and energy were measured using a mid-infrared milk analyzer, corrected by bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay for total protein content.
RESULTS
Analysis of 500 HM samples revealed large inter- and intra-subject variations in both groups. Proteins decreased from birth to four months in the PT and the T HM without significant differences at any postnatal time point, while it was lower around term equivalent age in PT HM. Lactose content remained stable and comparable over time. The PT HM contained significantly more fat and tended to be more caloric in the first two weeks of lactation, while the T HM revealed higher fat and higher energy content later during lactation (three to eight weeks). In both groups, male gender was associated with more fat and energy content. The gender association was stronger in the PT group, and it remained significant after adjustments.
CONCLUSION
Longitudinal measurements of macronutrients compositions of the PT and the T HM showed only small differences at similar postnatal stages in our population. However, numerous differences exist at similar postmenstrual ages. Male gender seems to be associated with a higher content in fat, especially in the PT HM. This study provides original information on macronutrient composition and variations of HM, which is important to consider for the optimization of nutrition and growth of PT infants.
Mother's own milk is the optimal source of nutrients and provides numerous health advantages for mothers and infants. As they have supplementary nutritional needs, very preterm infants may require fortification of human milk (HM). Addressing HM composition and variations is essential to optimize HM fortification strategies for these vulnerable infants.
AIMS
To analyze and compare macronutrient composition in HM of mothers lactating very preterm (PT) (28 0/7 to 32 6/7 weeks of gestational age, GA) and term (T) infants (37 0/7 to 41 6/7 weeks of GA) over time, both at similar postnatal and postmenstrual ages, and to investigate other potential factors of variations.
METHODS
Milk samples from 27 mothers of the PT infants and 34 mothers of the T infants were collected longitudinally at 12 points in time during four months for the PT HM and eight points in time during two months for the T HM. Macronutrient composition (proteins, fat, and lactose) and energy were measured using a mid-infrared milk analyzer, corrected by bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay for total protein content.
RESULTS
Analysis of 500 HM samples revealed large inter- and intra-subject variations in both groups. Proteins decreased from birth to four months in the PT and the T HM without significant differences at any postnatal time point, while it was lower around term equivalent age in PT HM. Lactose content remained stable and comparable over time. The PT HM contained significantly more fat and tended to be more caloric in the first two weeks of lactation, while the T HM revealed higher fat and higher energy content later during lactation (three to eight weeks). In both groups, male gender was associated with more fat and energy content. The gender association was stronger in the PT group, and it remained significant after adjustments.
CONCLUSION
Longitudinal measurements of macronutrients compositions of the PT and the T HM showed only small differences at similar postnatal stages in our population. However, numerous differences exist at similar postmenstrual ages. Male gender seems to be associated with a higher content in fat, especially in the PT HM. This study provides original information on macronutrient composition and variations of HM, which is important to consider for the optimization of nutrition and growth of PT infants.
- Language
-
- English
- Open access status
- gold
- Identifiers
-
- DOI 10.3390/nu11071525
- PMID 31277502
- Persistent URL
- https://sonar.ch/global/documents/123332
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