Development of an International Odor Identification Test for Children: The Universal Sniff Test.
-
Schriever VA
Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany; Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany. Electronic address: valentin.schriever@uniklinikum-dresden.de.
-
Agosin E
Escuela de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
-
Altundag A
Istanbul Smell and Taste Center, Istanbul, Turkey.
-
Avni H
Pediatric Feeding Disorders clinic, Dana Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.
-
Cao Van H
Pediatric Otolaryngology Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
-
Cornejo C
Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
-
de Los Santos G
Unidad de Rinología y Cirugía de Base de Cráneo. Servicio de Otorrinolaringología. Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal. Madrid, Spain.
-
Fishman G
Pediatric Otolaryngology, Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
-
Fragola C
Unidad de Rinología y Cirugía de Base de Cráneo. Servicio de Otorrinolaringología. Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal. Madrid, Spain.
-
Guarneros M
Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico.
-
Gupta N
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, Delhi, India.
-
Hudson R
Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico.
-
Kamel R
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
-
Knaapila A
Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
-
Konstantinidis I
Otorhinolaryngology Department, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece.
-
Landis BN
Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland.
-
Larsson M
Gösta Ekman Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
-
Lundström JN
Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
-
Macchi A
ORL Clinica, Università of Insubriae Varese, ASST Settelaghi, Varese, Italy.
-
Mariño-Sánchez F
Unidad de Rinología y Cirugía de Base de Cráneo. Servicio de Otorrinolaringología. Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal. Madrid, Spain; INGENIO, Immunoal.lèrgia Respiratòria Clínica i Experimental (IRCE), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, CIBERES, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
-
Martinec Nováková L
Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Humanities, Charles University, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
-
Mori E
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
-
Mullol J
INGENIO, Immunoal.lèrgia Respiratòria Clínica i Experimental (IRCE), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, CIBERES, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
-
Nord M
Gösta Ekman Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
-
Parma V
Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA; International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Neuroscience Area, Trieste, Italy.
-
Philpott C
Smell and Taste Clinic, James Paget University Hospital, Gorleston, United Kingdom; Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.
-
Propst EJ
Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Canada.
-
Rawan A
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
-
Sandell M
Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
-
Sorokowska A
Smell and Taste Research Lab, Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Poland; Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
-
Sorokowski P
Smell and Taste Research Lab, Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Poland.
-
Sparing-Paschke LM
Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany.
-
Stetzler C
Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany.
-
Valder C
Frey and Lau, Henstedt-Ulzburg, Germany.
-
Vodicka J
Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Pardubice Hospital, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Pardubice, Czech Republic.
-
Hummel T
Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany.
Show more…
Published in:
- The Journal of pediatrics. - 2018
English
OBJECTIVE
To assess olfactory function in children and to create and validate an odor identification test to diagnose olfactory dysfunction in children, which we called the Universal Sniff (U-Sniff) test.
STUDY DESIGN
This is a multicenter study involving 19 countries. The U-Sniff test was developed in 3 phases including 1760 children age 5-7 years. Phase 1: identification of potentially recognizable odors; phase 2: selection of odorants for the odor identification test; and phase 3: evaluation of the test and acquisition of normative data. Test-retest reliability was evaluated in a subgroup of children (n = 27), and the test was validated using children with congenital anosmia (n = 14).
RESULTS
Twelve odors were familiar to children and, therefore, included in the U-Sniff test. Children scored a mean ± SD of 9.88 ± 1.80 points out of 12. Normative data was obtained and reported for each country. The U-Sniff test demonstrated a high test-retest reliability (r27 = 0.83, P < .001) and enabled discrimination between normosmia and children with congenital anosmia with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 86%.
CONCLUSIONS
The U-Sniff is a valid and reliable method of testing olfaction in children and can be used internationally.
-
Language
-
-
Open access status
-
green
-
Identifiers
-
-
Persistent URL
-
https://sonar.ch/global/documents/130973
Statistics
Document views: 18
File downloads: