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Association of prestroke metformin use, stroke severity, and thrombolysis outcome.
Journal article

Association of prestroke metformin use, stroke severity, and thrombolysis outcome.

  • Westphal LP From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Widmer R From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Held U From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Steigmiller K From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Hametner C From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Ringleb P From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Curtze S From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Martinez-Majander N From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Tiainen M From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Nolte CH From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Scheitz JF From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Erdur H From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Polymeris AA From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Traenka C From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Eskandari A From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Michel P From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Heldner MR From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Arnold M From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Zini A From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Vandelli L From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Coutinho JM From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Groot AE From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Padjen V From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Jovanovic DR From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Bejot Y From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Brenière C From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Turc G From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Seners P From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Pezzini A From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Magoni M From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Leys D From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Gilliot S From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Scherrer MJ From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Kägi G From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Luft AR From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Gensicke H From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Nederkoorn P From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Tatlisumak T From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Engelter ST From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
  • Wegener S From the Department of Neurology (L.P.W., R.W., A.R.L., S.W.), University Hospital Zurich; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Biostatistics (U.H., K.S.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (C.H., P.R.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.C., N.M.-M., M.T.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research (C.H.N., J.F.S., H.E.), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Stroke Center and Neurology (A.A.P., C.T., H.G., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University Basel; Department of Neurology (A.E., P.M.), University Hospital Lausanne; Department of Neurology (M.R.H., M.A.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Maggiore Hospital; Stroke Unit (L.V.), Department of Neuroscience, S'Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.M.C., A.E.G., P.N.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neurology Clinic Belgrade (V.P., D.R.J.), Clinical Centre of Serbia; Medical Faculty (D.R.J.), University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Neurology (Y.B., C.B.), University Hospital of Dijon, University of Burgundy; Department of Neurology (G.T., P.S.), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (A.P.), Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia; Stroke Unit (M.M.), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Neurology (D.L., S.G.), University Hospital of Lille, France; Department of Neurology (M.J.S., G.K.), St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (T.T.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland. Susanne.Wegener@usz.ch.
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  • 2020-07-01
Published in:
  • Neurology. - 2020
Aged
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Female
Fibrinolytic Agents
Humans
Hypoglycemic Agents
Male
Metformin
Middle Aged
Recovery of Function
Retrospective Studies
Stroke
Thrombolytic Therapy
English OBJECTIVE
To evaluate whether pretreatment with metformin (MET) is associated with less stroke severity and better outcome after IV thrombolysis (IVT), we analyzed a cohort of 1,919 patients with stroke with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a multicenter exploratory analysis.


METHODS
Data from patients with diabetes and ischemic stroke treated with IVT were collected within the European Thrombolysis in Ischemic Stroke Patients (TRISP) collaboration. We applied propensity score matching (PSM) to obtain balanced baseline characteristics of patients treated with and without MET.


RESULTS
Of 1,919 patients with stroke with type 2 diabetes who underwent IVT, 757 (39%) had received MET before stroke (MET+), whereas 1,162 (61%) had not (MET-). MET+ patients were younger with a male preponderance. Hypercholesterolemia and pretreatment with statins, antiplatelets, or antihypertensives were more common in the MET+ group. After PSM, the 2 groups were well balanced with respect to demographic and clinical aspects. Stroke severity on admission (NIH Stroke Scale 10.0 ± 6.7 vs 11.3 ± 6.5), 3-month degree of independence on modified Rankin Scale (2 [interquartile range (IQR) 1.0-4.0] vs 3 [IQR 1.0-4.0]), as well as mortality (12.5% vs 18%) were significantly lower in the MET+ group. The frequency of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhages did not differ between groups. HbA1c levels were well-balanced between the groups.


CONCLUSIONS
Patients with stroke and diabetes on treatment with MET receiving IVT had less severe strokes on admission and a better functional outcome at 3 months. This suggests a protective effect of MET resulting in less severe strokes as well as beneficial thrombolysis outcome.
Language
  • English
Open access status
closed
Identifiers
Persistent URL
https://sonar.ch/global/documents/132223
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