Journal article
Association of smoking and nicotine dependence with pre-diabetes in young and healthy adults.
- Aeschbacher S Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland, and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Schoen T Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland, and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Clair C Department of Ambulatory Care and Community Medicine, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Schillinger P Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Schönenberger S Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Risch M Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr Risch, Schaan, Liechtenstein, and Division of Laboratory Medicine, Kantonsspital Graubünden, Chur, Switzerland.
- Risch L Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr Risch, Schaan, Liechtenstein; Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria; Private University, Triesen, Liechtenstein.
- Conen D Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland, and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- 2014-10-09
Published in:
- Swiss medical weekly. - 2014
Adult
Blood Pressure
Body Mass Index
Cross-Sectional Studies
Female
Glycated Hemoglobin A
Health Behavior
Humans
Liechtenstein
Lipids
Male
Prediabetic State
Risk Factors
Smoking
Socioeconomic Factors
Tobacco Use Disorder
English
INTRODUCTION
Several studies have shown an increased risk of type 2 diabetes among smokers. Therefore, the aim of this analysis was to assess the relationship between smoking, cumulative smoking exposure and nicotine dependence with pre-diabetes.
METHODS
We performed a cross-sectional analysis of healthy adults aged 25-41 in the Principality of Liechtenstein. Individuals with known diabetes, Body Mass Index (BMI) >35 kg/m² and prevalent cardiovascular disease were excluded. Smoking behaviour was assessed by self-report. Pre-diabetes was defined as glycosylated haemoglobin between 5.7% and 6.4%. Multivariable logistic regression models were done.
RESULTS
Of the 2142 participants (median age 37 years), 499 (23.3%) had pre-diabetes. There were 1,168 (55%) never smokers, 503 (23%) past smokers and 471 (22%) current smokers, with a prevalence of pre-diabetes of 21.2%, 20.9% and 31.2%, respectively (p <0.0001). In multivariable regression models, current smokers had an odds ratio (OR) of pre-diabetes of 1.82 (95% confidential interval (CI) 1.39; 2.38, p <0.0001). Individuals with a smoking exposure of <5, 5-10 and >10 pack-years had an OR (95% CI) for pre-diabetes of 1.34 (0.90; 2.00), 1.80 (1.07; 3.01) and 2.51 (1.80; 3.59) (p linear trend <0.0001) compared with never smokers. A Fagerström score of 2, 3-5 and >5 among current smokers was associated with an OR (95% CI) for pre-diabetes of 1.27 (0.89; 1.82), 2.15 (1.48; 3.13) and 3.35 (1.73; 6.48) (p linear trend <0.0001).
DISCUSSION
Smoking is strongly associated with pre-diabetes in young adults with a low burden of smoking exposure. Nicotine dependence could be a potential mechanism of this relationship.
Several studies have shown an increased risk of type 2 diabetes among smokers. Therefore, the aim of this analysis was to assess the relationship between smoking, cumulative smoking exposure and nicotine dependence with pre-diabetes.
METHODS
We performed a cross-sectional analysis of healthy adults aged 25-41 in the Principality of Liechtenstein. Individuals with known diabetes, Body Mass Index (BMI) >35 kg/m² and prevalent cardiovascular disease were excluded. Smoking behaviour was assessed by self-report. Pre-diabetes was defined as glycosylated haemoglobin between 5.7% and 6.4%. Multivariable logistic regression models were done.
RESULTS
Of the 2142 participants (median age 37 years), 499 (23.3%) had pre-diabetes. There were 1,168 (55%) never smokers, 503 (23%) past smokers and 471 (22%) current smokers, with a prevalence of pre-diabetes of 21.2%, 20.9% and 31.2%, respectively (p <0.0001). In multivariable regression models, current smokers had an odds ratio (OR) of pre-diabetes of 1.82 (95% confidential interval (CI) 1.39; 2.38, p <0.0001). Individuals with a smoking exposure of <5, 5-10 and >10 pack-years had an OR (95% CI) for pre-diabetes of 1.34 (0.90; 2.00), 1.80 (1.07; 3.01) and 2.51 (1.80; 3.59) (p linear trend <0.0001) compared with never smokers. A Fagerström score of 2, 3-5 and >5 among current smokers was associated with an OR (95% CI) for pre-diabetes of 1.27 (0.89; 1.82), 2.15 (1.48; 3.13) and 3.35 (1.73; 6.48) (p linear trend <0.0001).
DISCUSSION
Smoking is strongly associated with pre-diabetes in young adults with a low burden of smoking exposure. Nicotine dependence could be a potential mechanism of this relationship.
- Language
-
- English
- Open access status
- gold
- Identifiers
-
- DOI 10.4414/smw.2014.14019
- PMID 25295968
- Persistent URL
- https://sonar.ch/global/documents/159755
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