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Retinal oximetry: Metabolic imaging for diseases of the retina and brain.
Journal article

Retinal oximetry: Metabolic imaging for diseases of the retina and brain.

  • Stefánsson E University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Landspitali, University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland; Oxymap ehf, Reykjavik, Iceland. Electronic address: einarste@landspitali.is.
  • Olafsdottir OB University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Landspitali, University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland.
  • Eliasdottir TS University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Landspitali, University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland.
  • Vehmeijer W Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
  • Einarsdottir AB University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
  • Bek T Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
  • Torp TL Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
  • Grauslund J Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
  • Eysteinsson T University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Landspitali, University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland.
  • Karlsson RA University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Oxymap ehf, Reykjavik, Iceland.
  • Van Keer K University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
  • Stalmans I University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
  • Vandewalle E University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
  • Todorova MG University of Basel, Department of Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland; Cantonal Hospital St.Gallen, Department of Ophthalmology, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
  • Hammer M Universitätsklinikum Jena, Germany.
  • Garhöfer G Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
  • Schmetterer L Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
  • Šín M Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
  • Hardarson SH University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
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  • 2019-04-19
Published in:
  • Progress in retinal and eye research. - 2019
Alzheimer's disease
Biomarker
Brain
Cardiac output
Central circulation
Classification
Diabetic retinopathy
Eye
Glaucoma
Heart
Multiple sclerosis
Oxygen
Progression of glaucoma
Retina
Retinal atrophy
Retinal dystrophy
Retinal oximetry
Retinal vein occlusion, retinal ischemia
Retinitis pigmentosa
Brain Diseases
Cerebrovascular Circulation
Humans
Oximetry
Oxygen
Retinal Diseases
Retinal Vessels
Visual Acuity
Visual Fields
English Retinal oximetry imaging of retinal blood vessels measures oxygen saturation of hemoglobin. The imaging technology is non-invasive and reproducible with remarkably low variability on test-retest studies and in healthy cohorts. Pathophysiological principles and novel biomarkers in several retinal diseases have been discovered, as well as possible applications for systemic and brain disease. In diabetic retinopathy, retinal venous oxygen saturation is elevated and arteriovenous difference progressively reduced in advanced stages of retinopathy compared with healthy persons. This correlates with pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy where hypoxia stimulates VEGF production. Laser treatment and vitrectomy both improve retinal oximetry values, which correlate with clinical outcome. The oximetry biomarker may allow automatic measurement of severity of diabetic retinopathy and predict its response to treatment. Central retinal vein occlusion is characterized by retinal hypoxia, which is evident in retinal oximetry. The retinal hypoxia seen on oximetry correlates with the extent of peripheral ischemia, visual acuity and thickness of macular edema. This biomarker may help diagnose and measure severity of vein occlusion and degree of retinal ischemia. Glaucomatous retinal atrophy is associated with reduced oxygen consumption resulting in reduced arteriovenous difference and higher retinal venous saturation. The oximetry findings correlate with worse visual field, thinner nerve fiber layer and smaller optic disc rim. This provides an objective biomarker for glaucomatous damage. In retinitis pigmentosa, an association exists between advanced atrophy, worse visual field and higher retinal venous oxygen saturation, lower arteriovenous difference. This biomarker may allow measurement of severity and progression of retinitis pigmentosa and other atrophic retinal diseases. Retinal oximetry offers visible light imaging of systemic and central nervous system vessels. It senses hypoxia in cardiac and pulmonary diseases. Oximetry biomarkers have been discovered in Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis and oxygen levels in the retina correspond well with brain.
Language
  • English
Open access status
closed
Identifiers
Persistent URL
https://sonar.ch/global/documents/160323
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