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Fibrinogen gene regulation.
Journal article

Fibrinogen gene regulation.

  • Fish RJ Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical Centre, Geneva, Switzerland. Richard.Fish@unige.ch
  • Neerman-Arbez M
  • 2012-07-28
Published in:
  • Thrombosis and haemostasis. - 2012
Acute-Phase Reaction
Afibrinogenemia
Animals
Cytokines
Enhancer Elements, Genetic
Fibrinogen
Forecasting
Gene Expression Regulation
Genotype
Glucocorticoids
Hepatocytes
Humans
Mice
MicroRNAs
Models, Genetic
Polymorphism, Genetic
Promoter Regions, Genetic
Transcription Factors
Transcription, Genetic
English The Aα, Bβ and γ polypeptide chains of fibrinogen are encoded by a three gene cluster on human chromosome four. The fibrinogen genes (FGB-FGA-FGG) are expressed almost exclusively in hepatocytes where their output is coordinated to ensure a sufficient mRNA pool for each chain and maintain an abundant plasma fibrinogen protein level. Fibrinogen gene expression is controlled by the activity of proximal promoters which contain binding sites for hepatocyte transcription factors, including proteins which influence fibrinogen transcription in response to acute-phase inflammatory stimuli. The fibrinogen gene cluster also contains cis regulatory elements; enhancer sequences with liver activities identified by sequence conservation and functional genomics. While the transcriptional control of this gene cluster is fascinating biology, the medical impetus to understand fibrinogen gene regulation stems from the association of cardiovascular disease risk with high level circulating fibrinogen. In the general population this level varies from about 1.5 to 3.5 g/l. This variation between individuals is influenced by genotype, suggesting there are genetic variants contributing to fibrinogen levels which reside in fibrinogen regulatory loci. A complete picture of how fibrinogen genes are regulated will therefore point towards novel sources of regulatory variants. In this review we discuss regulation of the fibrinogen genes from proximal promoters and enhancers, the influence of acute-phase stimulation, post-transcriptional regulation by miRNAs and functional regulatory variants identified in genetic studies. Finally, we discuss the fibrinogen locus in light of recent advances in understanding chromosomal architecture and suggest future directions for researching the mechanisms that control fibrinogen expression.
Language
  • English
Open access status
closed
Identifiers
Persistent URL
https://sonar.ch/global/documents/220516
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