Journal article

The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe.

  • Olalde I Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
  • Brace S Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK.
  • Allentoft ME Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark.
  • Armit I School of Archaeological and Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
  • Kristiansen K University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden.
  • Booth T Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK.
  • Rohland N Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
  • Mallick S Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
  • Szécsényi-Nagy A Laboratory of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1097, Hungary.
  • Mittnik A Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany.
  • Altena E Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, The Netherlands.
  • Lipson M Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
  • Lazaridis I Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
  • Harper TK Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
  • Patterson N Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
  • Broomandkhoshbacht N Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
  • Diekmann Y Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
  • Faltyskova Z Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
  • Fernandes D Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
  • Ferry M Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
  • Harney E Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
  • de Knijff P Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, The Netherlands.
  • Michel M Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
  • Oppenheimer J Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
  • Stewardson K Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
  • Barclay A Wessex Archaeology, Salisbury SP4 6EB, UK.
  • Alt KW Center of Natural and Cultural History of Man, Danube Private University, Krems 3500, Austria.
  • Liesau C Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain.
  • Ríos P Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain.
  • Blasco C Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain.
  • Miguel JV ARGEA S.L., Madrid 28011, Spain.
  • García RM ARGEA S.L., Madrid 28011, Spain.
  • Fernández AA Área de Prehistoria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 30001, Spain.
  • Bánffy E Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1097, Hungary.
  • Bernabò-Brea M Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Parma, Parma 43100, Italy.
  • Billoin D INRAP, Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives, Buffard 25440, France.
  • Bonsall C School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
  • Bonsall L 10 Merchiston Gardens, Edinburgh EH10 5DD, UK.
  • Allen T Oxford Archaeology, Oxford OX2 0ES, UK.
  • Büster L School of Archaeological and Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
  • Carver S Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UU, UK.
  • Navarro LC School of Archaeological and Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
  • Craig OE BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
  • Cook GT Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, East Kilbride G75 0QF, UK.
  • Cunliffe B Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2PG, UK.
  • Denaire A University of Burgundy, Dijon 21000, France.
  • Dinwiddy KE Wessex Archaeology, Salisbury SP4 6EB, UK.
  • Dodwell N Oxford Archaeology East, Cambridge CB23 8SQ, UK.
  • Ernée M Institute of Archaeology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 118 01, Czech Republic.
  • Evans C Cambridge Archaeological Unit, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0DT, UK.
  • Kuchařík M Labrys o.p.s., Prague 198 00, Czech Republic.
  • Farré JF Museu i Poblat Ibèric de Ca n'Oliver, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08290, Spain.
  • Fowler C School of History, Classics & Archaeology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
  • Gazenbeek M INRAP, Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives, Nice 06300, France.
  • Pena RG Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain.
  • Haber-Uriarte M Área de Prehistoria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 30001, Spain.
  • Haduch E Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków 31-007, Poland.
  • Hey G Oxford Archaeology, Oxford OX2 0ES, UK.
  • Jowett N Great Orme Mines, Great Orme, Llandudno LL30 2XG, UK.
  • Knowles T Bristol Radiocarbon Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UU, UK.
  • Massy K Institut für Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie und Provinzialrömische Archäologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 80539, Germany.
  • Pfrengle S Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany.
  • Lefranc P INRAP, Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives, Strasbourg 67100, France.
  • Lemercier O Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3, UMR 5140 ASM, Montpellier 34199, France.
  • Lefebvre A INRAP, Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives, Metz 57063, France.
  • Martínez CH TRÉBEDE, Patrimonio y Cultura SL, Torres de la Alameda 28813, Spain.
  • Olmo VG Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares 28801, Spain.
  • Ramírez AB TRÉBEDE, Patrimonio y Cultura SL, Torres de la Alameda 28813, Spain.
  • Maurandi JL Área de Prehistoria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 30001, Spain.
  • Majó T Archaeom, Departament de Prehistòria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain.
  • McKinley JI Wessex Archaeology, Salisbury SP4 6EB, UK.
  • McSweeney K School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
  • Mende BG Laboratory of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1097, Hungary.
  • Modi A Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence 50121, Italy.
  • Kulcsár G Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1097, Hungary.
  • Kiss V Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1097, Hungary.
  • Czene A Salisbury Ltd, Budaörs 2040, Hungary.
  • Patay R Ferenczy Museum Center, Szentendre 2100, Hungary.
  • Endrődi A Budapest History Museum, Budapest 1014, Hungary.
  • Köhler K Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1097, Hungary.
  • Hajdu T Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
  • Szeniczey T Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
  • Dani J Déri Museum, Debrecen 4026, Hungary.
  • Bernert Z Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest 1083, Hungary.
  • Hoole M Historic Environment Scotland, Edinburgh EH9 1SH, UK.
  • Cheronet O Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
  • Keating D Humanities Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
  • Velemínský P Department of Anthropology, National Museum, Prague 115 79, Czech Republic.
  • Dobeš M Institute of Archaeology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 118 01, Czech Republic.
  • Candilio F Soprintendenza Archeologia belle arti e paesaggio per la città metropolitana di Cagliari e per le province di Oristano e Sud Sardegna, Cagliari 9124, Italy.
  • Brown F Oxford Archaeology, Oxford OX2 0ES, UK.
  • Fernández RF 46 Cuidad Real Street, Parla 28982, Spain.
  • Herrero-Corral AM Departamento de Prehistoria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
  • Tusa S Soprintendenza del Mare, Palermo 90133, Italy.
  • Carnieri E Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia, Università di Palermo, Palermo 90133, Italy.
  • Lentini L Soprintendenza per i beni culturali e ambientali di Trapani, Trapani 91100, Italy.
  • Valenti A Prima Archeologia del Mediterraneo, Partanna 91028, Italy.
  • Zanini A Università degli Studi di Palermo, Agrigento 92100, Italy.
  • Waddington C Archaeological Research Services Ltd, Bakewell DE45 1HB, UK.
  • Delibes G Departamento de Prehistoria, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47011, Spain.
  • Guerra-Doce E Departamento de Prehistoria, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47011, Spain.
  • Neil B Cambridge Archaeological Unit, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0DT, UK.
  • Brittain M Cambridge Archaeological Unit, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0DT, UK.
  • Luke M Albion Archaeology, Bedford MK42 0AS, UK.
  • Mortimer R Oxford Archaeology East, Cambridge CB23 8SQ, UK.
  • Desideri J Laboratory of Prehistoric Archaeology and Anthropology, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
  • Besse M Laboratory of Prehistoric Archaeology and Anthropology, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
  • Brücken G General Department of Cultural Heritage Rhineland Palatinate, Department of Archaeology, Mainz 55116, Germany.
  • Furmanek M Institute of Archaeology, University of Wroclaw, Wrocław 50-137, Poland.
  • Hałuszko A Institute of Archaeology, University of Wroclaw, Wrocław 50-137, Poland.
  • Mackiewicz M Institute of Archaeology, University of Wroclaw, Wrocław 50-137, Poland.
  • Rapiński A Institute of Archaeology, Silesian University in Opava, Opava 746 01, Czech Republic.
  • Leach S Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QE, UK.
  • Soriano I Departament de Prehistòria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain.
  • Lillios KT Department of Anthropology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, USA.
  • Cardoso JL Centro de Arqueologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1600-214, Portugal.
  • Pearson MP Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London WC1H 0PY, UK.
  • Włodarczak P Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków 31-016, Poland.
  • Price TD Laboratory for Archaeological Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
  • Prieto P University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
  • Rey PJ UMR 5204 Laboratoire Edytem, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry 73376, France.
  • Risch R Departament de Prehistòria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain.
  • Rojo Guerra MA Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, Valladolid University, Valladolid 47011, Spain.
  • Schmitt A UMR 7268 ADES, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Univ, EFS, Faculté de médecine Nord, Marseille 13015, France.
  • Serralongue J Service archéologique, Conseil Général de la Haute-Savoie, Annecy 74000, France.
  • Silva AM Laboratory of Prehistory, Research Center for Anthropology and Health, Department of Life Science, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-456, Portugal.
  • Smrčka V Institute for History of Medicine and Foreign Languages, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 121 08, Czech Republic.
  • Vergnaud L ANTEA Bureau d'étude en Archéologie, Habsheim 68440, France.
  • Zilhão J Centro de Arqueologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1600-214, Portugal.
  • Caramelli D Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence 50121, Italy.
  • Higham T Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, RLAHA, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK.
  • Thomas MG Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
  • Kennett DJ Department of Anthropology & Institute for Energy and the Environment, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
  • Fokkens H Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
  • Heyd V Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UU, UK.
  • Sheridan A National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh EH1 1JF, UK.
  • Sjögren KG University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden.
  • Stockhammer PW Institut für Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie und Provinzialrömische Archäologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 80539, Germany.
  • Krause J Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany.
  • Pinhasi R Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
  • Haak W Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany.
  • Barnes I Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK.
  • Lalueza-Fox C Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain.
  • Reich D Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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  • 2018-02-22
Published in:
  • Nature. - 2018
English From around 2750 to 2500 bc, Bell Beaker pottery became widespread across western and central Europe, before it disappeared between 2200 and 1800 bc. The forces that propelled its expansion are a matter of long-standing debate, and there is support for both cultural diffusion and migration having a role in this process. Here we present genome-wide data from 400 Neolithic, Copper Age and Bronze Age Europeans, including 226 individuals associated with Beaker-complex artefacts. We detected limited genetic affinity between Beaker-complex-associated individuals from Iberia and central Europe, and thus exclude migration as an important mechanism of spread between these two regions. However, migration had a key role in the further dissemination of the Beaker complex. We document this phenomenon most clearly in Britain, where the spread of the Beaker complex introduced high levels of steppe-related ancestry and was associated with the replacement of approximately 90% of Britain's gene pool within a few hundred years, continuing the east-to-west expansion that had brought steppe-related ancestry into central and northern Europe over the previous centuries.
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