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Immunology of COVID-19: Mechanisms, clinical outcome, diagnostics, and perspectives-A report of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI).

  • Sokolowska M Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
  • Lukasik ZM Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
  • Agache I Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Transylvania University, Brasov, Romania.
  • Akdis CA Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
  • Akdis D University Heart Center Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
  • Akdis M Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
  • Barcik W Genetics of Cognition laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.
  • Brough HA Paediatric Allergy Group, Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, St. Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London, UK.
  • Eiwegger T Division of Immunology and Allergy, Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
  • Eljaszewicz A Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
  • Eyerich S Center for Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany.
  • Feleszko W Department of Pediatric Pneumonology and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
  • Gomez-Casado C Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine, Hospitals Madrid (HM) Group, San Pablo-CEU University, Madrid, Spain.
  • Hoffmann-Sommergruber K Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
  • Janda J Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
  • Jiménez-Saiz R Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
  • Jutel M Department of Clinical Immunology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland.
  • Knol EF Departments of Immunology and Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
  • Kortekaas Krohn I SKIN Research Group, Department of Dermatology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel/Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
  • Kothari A Translational Medicine Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
  • Makowska J Department of Rheumatology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
  • Moniuszko M Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
  • Morita H Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Japan.
  • O'Mahony L Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
  • Nadeau K Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
  • Ozdemir C Department of Pediatric Basic Sciences, Institute of Child Health, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
  • Pali-Schöll I Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
  • Palomares O Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chemistry School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
  • Papaleo F Genetics of Cognition laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.
  • Prunicki M Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
  • Schmidt-Weber CB Center for Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany.
  • Sediva A Department of Immunology, Motol University Hospital, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague.
  • Schwarze J Centre for Inflammation Research and Child Life and Health, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
  • Shamji MH Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London. Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK.
  • Tramper-Stranders GA Department of Paediatric Medicine, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
  • van de Veen W Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
  • Untersmayr E Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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  • 2020-06-26
Published in:
  • Allergy. - 2020
COVID-19 comorbidity
COVID-19 immunity
COVID-19 multimorbidity
COVID-19 prevention
COVID-19 treatment
SARS
SARS-CoV-2 receptors
Academies and Institutes
Betacoronavirus
Clinical Laboratory Techniques
Coronavirus Infections
Humans
Pandemics
Pneumonia, Viral
English With the worldwide spread of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) resulting in declaration of a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, the SARS-CoV-2-induced coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has become one of the main challenges of our times. The high infection rate and the severe disease course led to major safety and social restriction measures worldwide. There is an urgent need of unbiased expert knowledge guiding the development of efficient treatment and prevention strategies. This report summarizes current immunological data on mechanisms associated with the SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 development and progression to the most severe forms. We characterize the differences between adequate innate and adaptive immune response in mild disease and the deep immune dysfunction in the severe multiorgan disease. The similarities of the human immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are underlined. We also summarize known and potential SARS-CoV-2 receptors on epithelial barriers, immune cells, endothelium and clinically involved organs such as lung, gut, kidney, cardiovascular, and neuronal system. Finally, we discuss the known and potential mechanisms underlying the involvement of comorbidities, gender, and age in development of COVID-19. Consequently, we highlight the knowledge gaps and urgent research requirements to provide a quick roadmap for ongoing and needed COVID-19 studies.
Language
  • English
Open access status
bronze
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Persistent URL
https://sonar.ch/global/documents/41750
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