The global spread of HIV-1 subtype B epidemic.

Magiorkinis G; Angelis K; Mamais I; Katzourakis A; Hatzakis A; Albert J; Lawyer G; Hamouda O; Struck D; Vercauteren J; Wensing A; Alexiev I; Åsjö B; Balotta C; Gomes P; Camacho RJ; Coughlan S; Griskevicius A; Grossman Z; Horban A; Kostrikis LG; Lepej SJ; Liitsola K; Linka M; Nielsen C; Otelea D; Paredes R; Poljak M; Puchhammer-Stöckl E; Schmit JC; Sönnerborg A; Staneková D; Stanojevic M; Stylianou DC; Boucher CAB; Nikolopoulos G; Vasylyeva T; Friedman SR; van de Vijver D; Angarano G; Chaix ML; de Luca A; Korn K; Loveday C; Soriano V; Yerly S; Zazzi M; Vandamme AM; Paraskevis D

doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2016.05.041

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Journal article

The global spread of HIV-1 subtype B epidemic.

Magiorkinis G Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom. Electronic address: gkikas.magiorkinis@zoo.ox.ac.uk.
Angelis K Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
Mamais I Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
Katzourakis A Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
Hatzakis A Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
Albert J Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Lawyer G Department of Computational Biology, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany.
Hamouda O Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany.
Struck D Centre de Recherche Public de la Sante, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
Vercauteren J Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Wensing A Department of Virology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Alexiev I National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria.
Åsjö B University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
Balotta C University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
Gomes P Molecular Biology Lab, LMCBM, SPC, HEM, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal.
Camacho RJ Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Coughlan S University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Griskevicius A Lithuanian AIDS Center, Vilnius, Lithuania.
Grossman Z Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Horban A Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Warsaw, Poland.
Kostrikis LG University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
Lepej SJ Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Flow Cytometry, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. F. Mihaljevic", Zagreb, Croatia.
Liitsola K National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
Linka M National Reference Laboratory of AIDS, National Institute of Health, Prague, Czech Republic.
Nielsen C Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Otelea D National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Prof. Dr. Matei Bals", Bucharest, Romania.
Paredes R IrsiCaixa Foundation, Badalona, Spain.
Poljak M Slovenian HIV/AIDS Reference Centre, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Puchhammer-Stöckl E University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Schmit JC Centre de Recherche Public de la Sante, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
Sönnerborg A Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Virology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
Staneková D Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
Stanojevic M University of Belgrade Faculty of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia.
Stylianou DC University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
Boucher CAB Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Nikolopoulos G Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
Vasylyeva T Institute of Infectious Diseases Research, National Development and Research Institutes, Inc., New York, USA.
Friedman SR Eijkman Winkler Institute, Department of Virology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
van de Vijver D University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
Angarano G Laboratoire de Virology, Hôpital Necker Paris, France.
Chaix ML Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Catholic university, Rome, Italy.
de Luca A University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
Korn K International Clinical Virology Centre, Buckinghamshire, England, United Kingdom.
Loveday C Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Soriano V Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
Yerly S University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
Zazzi M Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Vandamme AM Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece. Electronic address: dparask@med.uoa.gr.
Paraskevis D

2016-06-06

Published in:

Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases. - 2016

English Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was discovered in the early 1980s when the virus had already established a pandemic. For at least three decades the epidemic in the Western World has been dominated by subtype B infections, as part of a sub-epidemic that traveled from Africa through Haiti to United States. However, the pattern of the subsequent spread still remains poorly understood. Here we analyze a large dataset of globally representative HIV-1 subtype B strains to map their spread around the world over the last 50years and describe significant spread patterns. We show that subtype B travelled from North America to Western Europe in different occasions, while Central/Eastern Europe remained isolated for the most part of the early epidemic. Looking with more detail in European countries we see that the United Kingdom, France and Switzerland exchanged viral isolates with non-European countries than with European ones. The observed pattern is likely to mirror geopolitical landmarks in the post-World War II era, namely the rise and the fall of the Iron Curtain and the European colonialism. In conclusion, HIV-1 spread through specific migration routes which are consistent with geopolitical factors that affected human activities during the last 50years, such as migration, tourism and trade. Our findings support the argument that epidemic control policies should be global and incorporate political and socioeconomic factors.

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