Consortium neuroscience of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder: The ENIGMA adventure.
Hoogman MDepartment of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
van Rooij DDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Klein MDepartment of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Boedhoe PDepartment of Psychiatry, Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Ilioska IDepartment of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Li TDepartment of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Patel YBloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Postema MCDepartment of Language & Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Zhang-James YDepartment of Psychiatry and behavioral sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.
Anagnostou EDepartment of Pediatrics University of Toronto, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Arango CDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.
Auzias GINT UMR 7289, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, France.
Banaschewski TDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
Bau CHDDepartment of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Behrmann MDepartment of Psychology and Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
Bellgrove MATurner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Brandeis DDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
Brem SDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Busatto GFLaboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Castellanos FXDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York, New York, USA.
Coghill DDepartment of Paediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Conzelmann ADepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen, Germany.
Daly EDepartment of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Deruelle CINT UMR 7289, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, France.
Dinstein IDepartment of Psychology, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel.
Durston SNICHE lab, Deptartment of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Ecker CDepartment of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Ehrlich SDivision of Psychological & Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Epstein JNDivision of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Fair DADepartment of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
Fitzgerald JDepartment of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Freitag CMDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Autism Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Frodl TDepartment of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Gallagher LDepartment of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Grevet EHAdulthood ADHD Outpatient Program (ProDAH), Clinical Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Haavik JK.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
Hoekstra PJDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Janssen JDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.
Karkashadze GScientific research institute of Pediatrics and child health of Central clinical Hospital RAoS, Moscow, Russia.
King JADivision of Psychological & Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Konrad KChild Neuropsychology Section, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
Kuntsi JSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Lazaro LDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.
Lerch JPWellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department for Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK.
Lesch KPDivision of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
Louza MRDepartment and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Luna BDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
Mattos PD'Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
McGrath JDepartment of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Murphy CDepartment of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Nigg JTDepartment of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
Oberwelland-Weiss EJARA Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging (INM-11), Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Center Jülich, Julich, Germany.
O'Gorman Tuura RLCenter for MR Research, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
O'Hearn KDepartment of physiology and pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
Oosterlaan JClinical Neuropsychology Section, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Parellada MDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.
Pauli PDepartment of Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Würzburg, Germany.
Plessen KJChild and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Ramos-Quiroga JABiomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain.
Reif ADepartment of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
Reneman LDepartment of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Retico ANational Institute for Nuclear Physics, Pisa, Italy.
Rosa PGPLaboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Rubia KDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Shaw PNational Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Silk TJMurdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Tamm LDepartment of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Vilarroya ODepartment of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Walitza SDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Jahanshad NImaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Marina del Rey, California, USA.
Faraone SVDepartment of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.
Francks CDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
van den Heuvel OADepartment of Psychiatry, Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Paus TBloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Thompson PMImaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Marina del Rey, California, USA.
Buitelaar JKDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Franke BDepartment of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
English
Neuroimaging has been extensively used to study brain structure and function in individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) over the past decades. Two of the main shortcomings of the neuroimaging literature of these disorders are the small sample sizes employed and the heterogeneity of methods used. In 2013 and 2014, the ENIGMA-ADHD and ENIGMA-ASD working groups were respectively, founded with a common goal to address these limitations. Here, we provide a narrative review of the thus far completed and still ongoing projects of these working groups. Due to an implicitly hierarchical psychiatric diagnostic classification system, the fields of ADHD and ASD have developed largely in isolation, despite the considerable overlap in the occurrence of the disorders. The collaboration between the ENIGMA-ADHD and -ASD working groups seeks to bring the neuroimaging efforts of the two disorders closer together. The outcomes of case-control studies of subcortical and cortical structures showed that subcortical volumes are similarly affected in ASD and ADHD, albeit with small effect sizes. Cortical analyses identified unique differences in each disorder, but also considerable overlap between the two, specifically in cortical thickness. Ongoing work is examining alternative research questions, such as brain laterality, prediction of case-control status, and anatomical heterogeneity. In brief, great strides have been made toward fulfilling the aims of the ENIGMA collaborations, while new ideas and follow-up analyses continue that include more imaging modalities (diffusion MRI and resting-state functional MRI), collaborations with other large databases, and samples with dual diagnoses.