Journal article
Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level.
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Fabian ID
Ophthalmology Department of Rabat, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
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Abdallah E
Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.
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Abdullahi SU
Basra Children's Specialty Hospital, Basra, Iraq.
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Abdulqader RA
National Hospital of Niamey, Niamey, Niger.
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Adamou Boubacar S
University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
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Ademola-Popoola DS
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
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Adio A
University of California, San Francisco.
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Afshar AR
Department of Pediatrics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
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Aggarwal P
Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria.
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Aghaji AE
The Children's Hospital and the Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Ahmad A
RS Dr Wahidin Sudirohusodo, Makassar, Indonesia.
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Akib MNR
The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, and Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
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Al Harby L
Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq.
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Al Ani MH
Zarifa Aliyeva National Center of Ophthalmology, Baku, Azerbaijan.
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Alakbarova A
Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
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Portabella SA
Pediatric Oncology Unit, Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
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Al-Badri SAF
Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.
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Alcasabas APA
College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Al-Dahmash SA
Unidad Nacional de Oncología Pediátrica, Guatemala City, Guatemala.
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Alejos A
Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer, Marianao, Havana, Cuba.
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Alemany-Rubio E
University of Parakou, Parakou, Benin.
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Alfa Bio AI
St Damien Pediatric Hospital, Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
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Alfonso Carreras Y
Department of Ophthalmology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Al-Haddad C
Pediatric Oncology Department, National Oncology Center, Sana'a, Yemen.
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Al-Hussaini HHY
Pediatric Oncology Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
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Ali AM
University Hospital Center Mother Theresa, Tirana, Albania.
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Alia DB
Pediatric Oncology Unit, Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
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Al-Jadiry MF
Imam Hussein Cancer Center, Karbala, Iraq.
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Al-Jumaily U
College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Alkatan HM
St Erik Eye Hospital, Stockholn, Sweden.
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All-Eriksson C
Ibn Al Haitham Teaching Eye Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq.
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Al-Mafrachi AARM
Beira Central Hospital, Beira, Mozambique.
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Almeida AA
Tripoli Eye Hospital, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya.
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Alsawidi KM
Basra Children's Specialty Hospital, Basra, Iraq.
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Al-Shaheen AASM
Oncology Unit, Child's Central Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq.
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Al-Shammary EH
National Eye Center, Cicendo Eye Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia.
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Amiruddin PO
Bambino Gesù IRCCS Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.
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Antonino R
International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
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Astbury NJ
Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Atalay HT
Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Atchaneeyasakul LO
Lighthouse For Christ Eye Centre, Mombasa, Kenya.
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Atsiaya R
Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Attaseth T
Yangon Eye Hospital, University of Medicine 1, Yangon, Myanmar.
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Aung TH
Retina Consultants of Houston, Houston, Texas.
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Ayala S
Scientific Center of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
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Baizakova B
Pediatric Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
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Balaguer J
Zarifa Aliyeva National Center of Ophthalmology, Baku, Azerbaijan.
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Balayeva R
Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Children's University Hospital of Krakow, Krakow, Poland.
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Balwierz W
Pediatric Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
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Barranco H
International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
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Bascaran C
Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Beck Popovic M
Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr Carlos Sáenz Herrera, San Jose, Costa Rica.
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Benavides R
Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Hassan II Fès, Fez, Morocco.
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Benmiloud S
Center Hospitalier et Universitaire Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco.
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Bennani Guebessi N
Ophthalmologic Department of the Teaching Hospital of Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
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Berete RC
Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
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Berry JL
The Calcutta Medical Research Institute, Kolkata, India.
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Bhaduri A
Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Narayana Health City, Bangalore, India.
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Bhat S
University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Biddulph SJ
Department of Ophthalmology, Essen University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Biewald EM
The Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy, Odessa, Ukraine.
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Bobrova N
Department of Ophthalmology, Essen University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Boehme M
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City.
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Boldt HC
Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Bonanomi MTBC
Department of Ophthalmology, Essen University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Bornfeld N
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo de Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
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Bouda GC
Institut Hédi Raïs d'Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
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Bouguila H
Etablissement Hospitalière Spécialise Emir Abdelkader CEA Service d'Oncologie Pédiatrique, Oran, Algeria.
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Boumedane A
Solid Tumor Division, Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
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Brennan RC
Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussel, Belgium.
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Brichard BG
Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Buaboonnam J
Hospital Infantil Manuel de Jesús Rivera, Managua, Nicaragua.
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Calderón-Sotelo P
Hospital del Niño Dr. Francisco De Icaza Bustamante, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
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Calle Jara DA
Department of Ophthalmology, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Camuglia JE
Salud Ocular, Ministerio de Salud Publica, Asuncion, Paraguay.
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Cano MR
Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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Capra M
Institut Curie, Université de Paris Medicine Paris V Descartes, Paris, France.
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Cassoux N
Centro Hospital Universitário de Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Castela G
Hospital Pereira Rossell, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Castillo L
Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.
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Català-Mora J
Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.
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Chantada GL
Paediatric Ophthalmology Department, Mayo Hospital and College of Allied Visual Sciences, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Chaudhry S
Department of Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Orbit and Ocular Oncology, PBMA's H. V. Desai Eye Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
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Chaugule SS
University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.
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Chauhan A
Ocular Oncology Service, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Chawla B
Eye Clinic, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Alexandrovska, Medical University, Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Chernodrinska VS
Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
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Chiwanga FS
National Center for Maternal and Children Health of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
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Chuluunbat T
Department of Ophthalmology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
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Cieslik K
Starship Children's Health, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Cockcroft RL
Institute of Oncology, Prof. Dr Al. Trestioreanu, Bucharest, Romania.
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Comsa C
Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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Correa ZM
Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.
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Correa Llano MG
Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis.
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Corson TW
Bustamante Hospital for Children, Kingston, Jamaica.
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Cowan-Lyn KE
Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Csóka M
Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Cui X
Quelimane Central Hospital, Quelimane, Mozambique.
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Da Gama IV
Department of Ophthalmology, Songklanagarind Hospital, Prince of Songkla University, Songkla, Thailand.
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Dangboon W
Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India.
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Das A
Ocular Oncology Services, Dr Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India.
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Das S
Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
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Davanzo JM
Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and the University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Davidson A
Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussel, Belgium.
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De Potter P
National Children's Hospital, Panama City, Panama.
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Delgado KQ
Department of Ophthalmology, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
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Demirci H
Institut Curie, Paris, France.
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Desjardins L
Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Perú.
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Diaz Coronado RY
The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Dimaras H
Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago, Christchurch, Children's Haematology and Oncology Center, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Dodgshun AJ
The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Donaldson C
Pediatric Oncology Institute, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Donato Macedo CR
Institute of Oncology, Prof. Dr Al. Trestioreanu, Bucharest, Romania.
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Dragomir MD
Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
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Du Y
University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
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Du Bruyn M
Ophthalmology Department, Dr M. Djamil General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, West Sumatra, Indonesia.
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Edison KS
Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Sanglah Eye Hospital, Bali, Indonesia.
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Eka Sutyawan IW
Center Hospitalier et Universitaire Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco.
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El Kettani A
Tripoli Eye Hospital, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya.
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Elbahi AM
Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Elder JE
Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357, Cairo, Egypt.
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Elgalaly D
Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357, Cairo, Egypt.
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Elhaddad AM
Department of Oncology, National Cancer Institute, University of Gezira, Wadi Madani, Sudan.
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Elhassan MMA
Pediatric Oncology Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
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Elzembely MM
Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
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Essuman VA
Magrabi ICO Cameroon Eye Institute, Yaounde, Cameroon.
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Evina TGA
Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
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Fadoo Z
Hospital Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Fandiño AC
Pediatric Growth and Development Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Rasool Akram Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
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Faranoush M
Department of Ophthalmology, University College Hospital, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
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Fasina O
Mi Clinic, Ciudad del Este, Paraguay.
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Fernández DDPG
Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain.
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Fernández-Teijeiro A
International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
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Foster A
Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Frenkel S
Hospital Escuela, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
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Fu LD
Pediatric Oncology Department, Benjamin Bloom National Children's Hospital, San Salvador, El Salvador.
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Fuentes-Alabi SL
The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Gallie BL
Lions Sight First Eye Hospital, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi.
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Gandiwa M
ClínicaAnglo American, Lima, Perú.
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Garcia JL
Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Sevilla, Spain.
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García Aldana D
St Damien Pediatric Hospital, Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
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Gassant PY
Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Geel JA
Retina and Vitreous Service, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Ghassemi F
Unidad Nacional de Oncología Pediátrica, Guatemala City, Guatemala.
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Girón AV
Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Gizachew Z
Pediatric Oncology Department, Benjamin Bloom National Children's Hospital, San Salvador, El Salvador.
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Goenz MA
Murray Ocular Oncology and Retina, Miami, Florida.
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Gold AS
Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Goldberg-Lavid M
Department of Ophthalmology, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Gole GA
Department of Ophthalmology, Sourasky Medical Center Tel Aviv, School of Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Gomel N
Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Gonzalez E
Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.
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Gonzalez Perez G
Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer, Marianao, Havana, Cuba.
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González-Rodríguez L
Pediatric Oncology Unit, Instituto Regional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas del Sur, Arequipa, Perú.
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Garcia Pacheco HN
Unidad de Oncologia Ocular Hospital Oncologico Luis Razzetti, Caracas, Venezuela.
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Graells J
IAM NOOR Eye Care Programme, Afghanistan.
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Green L
Department of Clinical Genetics and Center for Rare Disorders, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Gregersen PA
National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Grigorovski NDAK
Département de Pédiatrie, CHU Sylvanus Olympio, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo.
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Guedenon KM
National Cancer Institute, Maharagama, Sri Lanka.
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Gunasekera DS
Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
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Gündüz AK
Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, India.
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Gupta H
King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India.
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Gupta S
Retinoblastoma Referral Center, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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Hadjistilianou T
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
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Hamel P
The Indus Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.
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Hamid SA
Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Hamzah N
John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.
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Hansen ED
Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
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Harbour JW
John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.
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Hartnett ME
Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Hasanreisoglu M
Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.
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Hassan S
Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
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Hassan S
University Children's Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Hederova S
Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Lima, Perú.
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Hernandez J
National Children's Hospital, Panama City, Panama.
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Hernandez LMC
Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Center, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
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Hessissen L
Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia.
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Hordofa DF
Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
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Huang LC
Emory Eye Center, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Hubbard GB
Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Hummlen M
University Children's Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Husakova K
Oncology Unit, Child's Central Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq.
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Hussein Al-Janabi AN
Bambino Gesù IRCCS Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.
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Ida R
Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Ilic VR
Pacific International Hospital, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.
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Jairaj V
Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
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Jeeva I
Eye Department, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Jenkinson H
Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Ji X
Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Jo DH
Clínica Oftalmológica Pasteur, Santiago, Chile.
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Johnson KP
Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston.
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Johnson WJ
The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Jones MM
Bukavu Eye Clinic, Bukavu Official University, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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Kabesha TBA
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo de Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
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Kabore RL
Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
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Kaliki S
Department of Ophthalmology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences Kamplala, Uganda.
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Kalinaki A
Division of Pediatric Oncology, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
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Kantar M
Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Kao LY
Ophthalmology Department, Central Children's Hospital of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia.
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Kardava T
Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine and Oncology Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Kebudi R
St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Masaryk University, and International Clinical Research Center/St Anna University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Kepak T
Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Keren-Froim N
Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Khan ZJ
Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Ameer-Ud-Din Medical College, Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Khaqan HA
Angkor Hospital for Children, Krong Siem Reap, Cambodia.
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Khauv P
Duke Eye Center, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina.
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Kheir WJ
Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India.
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Khetan V
Retina and Vitreous Service, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Khodabande A
Ophthalmology Department, Central Children's Hospital of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia.
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Khotenashvili Z
Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
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Kim JW
Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Kim JH
Ocular Oncology Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
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Kiratli H
Ocular Oncology Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Kivelä TT
East Tallinn Central Hospital, Tallinn, Estonia.
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Klett A
Oncologue Pédiatre Responsable d'Unité de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic.
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Komba Palet JEK
Children's Ophthalmology Department, Children's Hospital of Vilnius, University Hospital Santaros Clinic, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Krivaitiene D
Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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Kruger M
Vitreo-Retina Research Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Kulvichit K
National Eye Center, Cicendo Eye Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia.
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Kuntorini MW
Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
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Kyara A
University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Lachmann ES
Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Lam CPS
Perth Children's Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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Lam GC
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City.
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Larson SA
Clinical Center of Vojvodina, University Eye Clinic, Eye Research Foundation Vidar-Latinović, Novi Sad, Serbia.
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Latinovic S
Division of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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Laurenti KD
John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, and University of Southern California Roski Eye Institute, Los Angeles.
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Le BHA
Division of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Lecuona K
Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona.
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Leverant AA
Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali City, China.
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Li C
Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, Kathmandu, Nepal.
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Limbu B
Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore, Singapore.
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Long QB
Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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López JP
University Clinics of Lubumbashi, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Rrepublic of Congo.
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Lukamba RM
Institut Curie, Paris, France.
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Lumbroso L
Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplantation, Center for Global Health, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Aurora.
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Luna-Fineman S
Department of Ophthalmology, Dr Soetomo General Hospital, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
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Lutfi D
Okhmatdyt National Children's Hospital, Kiev, Ukraine.
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Lysytsia L
Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston.
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Magrath GN
Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Apollo Center for Advanced Pediatrics, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India.
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Mahajan A
IAM NOOR Eye Care Programme, Afghanistan.
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Majeed AR
Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Maka E
Sekuru Kaguvi Eye Unit, Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals, Harare, Zimbabwe.
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Makan M
National Center of Oncology and Hematology, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
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Makimbetov EK
Lions Sight First Eye Hospital, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi.
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Manda C
Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
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Martín Begue N
University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham.
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Mason L
University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham.
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Mason JO
Lighthouse For Christ Eye Centre, Mombasa, Kenya.
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Matende IO
Duke Eye Center, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina.
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Materin M
National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Mattosinho CCDS
Ruharo Eye Centre, Ruharo Mission Hospital, Mbarara, Uganda.
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Matua M
University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Mayet I
Scottish Livingstone Hospital, Molepolole, Botswana.
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Mbumba FB
Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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McKenzie JD
Department of Oncology, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Medina-Sanson A
MAHAK Hematology Oncology Research Center, Mahak Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
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Mehrvar A
Department of Ophthalmology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
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Mengesha AA
Centre for Sight, New Delhi, India.
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Menon V
Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.
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Mercado GJVD
Division of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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Mets MB
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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Midena E
Sankara Eye Hospital, Bangalore, India.
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Mishra DKC
Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania.
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Mndeme FG
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan.
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Mohamedani AA
King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan.
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Mohammad MT
Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Moll AC
Hospital Infantil Dr Robert Reid Cabral, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
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Montero MM
Hospital Infantil Manuel de Jesús Rivera, Managua, Nicaragua.
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Morales RA
Service d'Oncologie Pédiatrique de l'Hôpital Aristide le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal.
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Moreira C
Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
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Mruthyunjaya P
Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania.
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Msina MS
Lions Sight First Eye Hospital, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi.
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Msukwa G
Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, India.
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Mudaliar SS
Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia.
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Muma KI
Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile de Aveugles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Munier FL
Institute of Oncology, Prof. Dr Al. Trestioreanu, Bucharest, Romania.
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Murgoi G
Murray Ocular Oncology and Retina, Miami, Florida.
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Murray TG
Department of Ophthalmology, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
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Musa KO
The Children's Hospital and the Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Mushtaq A
Division of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Mustak H
Abii Specialists Hospital, Bamenda, Cameroon.
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Muyen OM
University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Naidu G
Aditya Jyot Eye Hospital, Mumbai, India.
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Nair AG
N.N. Alexandrov National Cancer Centre of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus.
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Naumenko L
Cheikh Anta Diop University, Le Dantec Hospital, Dakar, Senegal.
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Ndoye Roth PA
Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia.
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Nency YM
Moscow Helmholtz Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia.
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Neroev V
Ho Chi Minh Eye Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.
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Ngo H
Hospital Infantil Dr Robert Reid Cabral, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
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Nieves RM
Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Nikitovic M
Department of Ophthalmology, Calabar Children's Eye Center, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar Nigeria.
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Nkanga ED
Magrabi ICO Cameroon Eye Institute, Yaounde, Cameroon.
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Nkumbe H
Chittagong Eye Infirmary and Training Complex, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
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Nuruddin M
Arthur Davison Children's Hospital, Ndola, Zambia.
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Nyaywa M
CHU Angondje Cancerologie, Libreville, Gabon.
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Obono-Obiang G
Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria.
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Oguego NC
Department of Ophthalmology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
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Olechowski A
Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.
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Oliver SCN
Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana.
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Osei-Bonsu P
Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile.
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Ossandon D
Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
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Paez-Escamilla MA
RS Dr Wahidin Sudirohusodo, Makassar, Indonesia.
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Pagarra H
Eye Department, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Painter SL
Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana.
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Paintsil V
National Ophthalmological Institute of Angola, Luanda, Angola.
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Paiva L
H M Diwan Eye Foundation, and Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India.
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Pal BP
Sankara Eye Hospital, Bangalore, India.
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Palanivelu MS
Department of Oncology, Yerevan State Medical University, and Pediatric Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Armenia, Hematology Center after R. H. Yeolyan, Yerevan, Armenia.
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Papyan R
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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Parrozzani R
Eye Department, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Parulekar M
Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Lima, Perú.
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Pascual Morales CR
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Paton KE
Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Children's University Hospital of Krakow, Krakow, Poland.
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Pawinska-Wasikowska K
Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Pe'er J
Hospital Escuela, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
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Peña A
University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Peric S
Vietnam National Institute of Ophthalmology, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
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Pham CTM
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Kamenge, Bujumbura, Burundi.
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Philbert R
Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis.
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Plager DA
Department of Ophthalmology for Children and Adults, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Pochop P
Fundacion Clinica Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia.
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Polania RA
Head and Neck Tumors Department, SRI of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia.
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Polyakov VG
University Eye Hospital Ljubljana, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Pompe MT
Good Shepherd Hospital, Siteki, Swaziland.
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Pons JJ
The Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Prat D
Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India.
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Prom V
Sardjito Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
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Purwanto I
Hiwa Cancer Hospital, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.
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Qadir AO
The Children's Hospital and the Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Qayyum S
Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Qian J
Ophthalmology Department, Dr M. Djamil General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, West Sumatra, Indonesia.
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Rahman A
University of California, San Francisco.
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Rahman S
Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Rahmat J
Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, Kathmandu, Nepal.
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Rajkarnikar P
Sankara Eye Hospital, Bangalore, India.
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Ramanjulu R
University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.
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Ramasubramanian A
Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Ramirez-Ortiz MA
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
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Raobela L
Department of Oculoplasty and Ocular Oncology, Ispahani Islamia Eye Institute and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Rashid R
The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, and Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
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Reddy MA
Department of Ophthalmology, Davidoff Center for Oncology, Rabin Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
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Reich E
School of Medicine and Dentistry, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
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Renner LA
University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Reynders D
Federal Medical Center, Yola, Nigeria.
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Ribadu D
Nampula Central Hospital, Nampula, Mozambique.
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Riheia MM
Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Ritter-Sovinz P
Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Rojanaporn D
Unidad de Oncologia Ocular Hospital Oncologico Luis Razzetti, Caracas, Venezuela.
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Romero L
Chittagong Eye Infirmary and Training Complex, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
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Roy SR
Children's Cancer Institute, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Saab RH
Moscow Helmholtz Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia.
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Saakyan S
Pediatric Oncology Unit, Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
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Sabhan AH
NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology and London Retinoblastoma Service, Royal London Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
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Sagoo MS
Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Said AMA
Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, Kathmandu, Nepal.
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Saiju R
Hospital Dr Manuel Ascencio Villarroel, Cochabamba, Bolivia.
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Salas B
Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Hospital Universitario Infantil La Paz, Madrid, Spain.
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San Román Pacheco S
Hospital Solca Quito, Quito, Ecuador.
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Sánchez GL
Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos.
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Sayalith P
Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
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Scanlan TA
Retina Consultants of Houston, Houston, Texas.
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Schefler AC
University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Schoeman J
Department of Ophthalmology, Rasool Akram Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
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Sedaghat A
St Erik Eye Hospital, Stockholn, Sweden.
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Seregard S
Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Seth R
Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Shah AS
National Institute of Ophthalmology, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Shakoor SA
East Timor Eye Program, Dili, Timor-Leste.
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Sharma MK
Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Sherief ST
Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India.
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Shetye NG
Ocular Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Shields CL
Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
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Siddiqui SN
Ophthalmology Department, Nouakchott Medical University, Nouakchott, Mauritania.
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Sidi Cheikh S
Centro Hospital Universitário de Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Silva S
Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
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Singh AD
Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India.
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Singh N
Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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Singh U
Department of Ophthalmology, Songklanagarind Hospital, Prince of Songkla University, Songkla, Thailand.
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Singha P
Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, and Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
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Sitorus RS
Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland.
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Skalet AH
Department of Ophthalmology, Dr Soetomo General Hospital, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
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Soebagjo HD
The Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy, Odessa, Ukraine.
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Sorochynska T
Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda.
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Ssali G
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle.
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Stacey AW
Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Staffieri SE
Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri.
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Stahl ED
Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile de Aveugles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Stathopoulos C
University Eye Hospital Ljubljana, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Stirn Kranjc B
Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
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Stones DK
BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Strahlendorf C
Pediatra Hemato-Oncologa, Instituto Oncologico del Oriente Boliviano, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.
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Suarez MEC
Department of Oculoplasty and Ocular Oncology, Ispahani Islamia Eye Institute and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Sultana S
Henan Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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Sun X
Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland.
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Sundy M
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
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Superstein R
Sardjito Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
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Supriyadi E
Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Surukrattanaskul S
Department of Ophthalmic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
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Suzuki S
Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Svojgr K
Africa Institute of Tropical Ophthalmology, Bamako, Mali.
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Sylla F
Department of Oncology, Yerevan State Medical University, and Pediatric Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Armenia, Hematology Center after R. H. Yeolyan, Yerevan, Armenia.
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Tamamyan G
Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore, Singapore.
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Tan D
University Hospital Center Mother Theresa, Tirana, Albania.
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Tandili A
Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Perú.
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Tarrillo Leiva FF
MAHAK Hematology Oncology Research Center, Mahak Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
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Tashvighi M
University Eye Clinic, Skopje, Macedonia.
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Tateshi B
National Cancer Center, Dharmais Cancer Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
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Tehuteru ES
Pediatric Oncology Institute, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Teixeira LF
Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Teh KH
Kabgayi Eye Unit, Gitarama, Rwanda.
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Theophile T
Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Toledano H
Vietnam National Institute of Ophthalmology, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
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Trang DL
Pediatric Oncology Service, Gabriel Toure Hospital, Bamako, Mali.
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Traoré F
Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Trichaiyaporn S
Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Ocular Oncology Service, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Tuncer S
Université Adam Barka, Abeche, Chad.
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Tyau-Tyau H
Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.
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Umar AB
Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Unal E
Emory Eye Center, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Uner OE
Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Urbak SF
Head and Neck Tumors Department, SRI of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia.
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Ushakova TL
National Cancer Center of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
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Usmanov RH
Children's Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia.
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Valeina S
Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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van Hoefen Wijsard M
Vitreo-Retina Research Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Varadisai A
Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Perú.
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Vasquez L
Bustamante Hospital for Children, Kingston, Jamaica.
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Vaughan LO
Eye Clinic, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Alexandrovska, Medical University, Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Veleva-Krasteva NV
King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India.
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Verma N
Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, and Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
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Victor AA
Children's Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia.
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Viksnins M
Hospital del Niño Dr. Francisco De Icaza Bustamante, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
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Villacís Chafla EG
The Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Vishnevskia-Dai V
Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India.
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Vora T
Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Perú.
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Wachtel AE
Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Wackernagel W
Ruharo Eye Centre, Ruharo Mission Hospital, Mbarara, Uganda.
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Waddell K
Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.
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Wade PD
National Eye Center Kaduna, Kaduna, Nigeria.
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Wali AH
Department of Paediatrics, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Wang YZ
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle.
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Weiss A
Department of Surgery, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
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Wilson MW
National Ophthalmological Institute of Angola, Luanda, Angola.
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Wime ADC
Department of Ophthalmology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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Wiwatwongwana A
Department of Ophthalmology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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Wiwatwongwana D
Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
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Wolley Dod C
Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
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Wongwai P
Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Guangzhou Children's Hospital and Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Xiang D
Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, China.
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Xiao Y
Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Yam JC
State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Yang H
Service d'Ophtalmologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.
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Yanga JM
Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
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Yaqub MA
S.Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, Moscow, Russia.
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Yarovaya VA
S.Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, Moscow, Russia.
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Yarovoy AA
State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Ye H
King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan.
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Yousef YA
Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Sanglah Eye Hospital, Bali, Indonesia.
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Yuliawati P
Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Perú.
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Zapata López AM
Assistante Hospitalo Universitaire, Faculte de Medecine de Nouakchott Medecin Oncopediatre, Center National d'Oncologie, Nouakchott, Mauritania.
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Zein E
Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Zhang C
Department of Paediatrics, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Zhang Y
Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Zhao J
Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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Zheng X
N.N. Alexandrov National Cancer Centre of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus.
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Zhilyaeva K
The Indus Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.
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Zia N
Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Ziko OAO
International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
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Zondervan M
International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
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Bowman R
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English
Importance
Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale.
Objectives
To report the retinoblastoma stage at diagnosis in patients across the world during a single year, to investigate associations between clinical variables and national income level, and to investigate risk factors for advanced disease at diagnosis.
Design, Setting, and Participants
A total of 278 retinoblastoma treatment centers were recruited from June 2017 through December 2018 to participate in a cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed in 2017.
Main Outcomes and Measures
Age at presentation, proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, and tumor stage and metastasis.
Results
The cohort included 4351 new patients from 153 countries; the median age at diagnosis was 30.5 (interquartile range, 18.3-45.9) months, and 1976 patients (45.4%) were female. Most patients (n = 3685 [84.7%]) were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, the most common indication for referral was leukocoria (n = 2638 [62.8%]), followed by strabismus (n = 429 [10.2%]) and proptosis (n = 309 [7.4%]). Patients from high-income countries (HICs) were diagnosed at a median age of 14.1 months, with 656 of 666 (98.5%) patients having intraocular retinoblastoma and 2 (0.3%) having metastasis. Patients from low-income countries were diagnosed at a median age of 30.5 months, with 256 of 521 (49.1%) having extraocular retinoblastoma and 94 of 498 (18.9%) having metastasis. Lower national income level was associated with older presentation age, higher proportion of locally advanced disease and distant metastasis, and smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma. Advanced disease at diagnosis was more common in LMICs even after adjusting for age (odds ratio for low-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 17.92 [95% CI, 12.94-24.80], and for lower-middle-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 5.74 [95% CI, 4.30-7.68]).
Conclusions and Relevance
This study is estimated to have included more than half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017. Children from LMICs, where the main global retinoblastoma burden lies, presented at an older age with more advanced disease and demonstrated a smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, likely because many do not reach a childbearing age. Given that retinoblastoma is curable, these data are concerning and mandate intervention at national and international levels. Further studies are needed to investigate factors, other than age at presentation, that may be associated with advanced disease in LMICs.
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Language
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Open access status
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hybrid
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Identifiers
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Persistent URL
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https://sonar.ch/global/documents/19128
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