Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level.
Journal article

Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level.

  • Fabian ID Ophthalmology Department of Rabat, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
  • Abdallah E Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.
  • Abdullahi SU Basra Children's Specialty Hospital, Basra, Iraq.
  • Abdulqader RA National Hospital of Niamey, Niamey, Niger.
  • Adamou Boubacar S University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
  • Ademola-Popoola DS Department of Ophthalmology, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
  • Adio A University of California, San Francisco.
  • Afshar AR Department of Pediatrics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
  • Aggarwal P Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria.
  • Aghaji AE The Children's Hospital and the Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan.
  • Ahmad A RS Dr Wahidin Sudirohusodo, Makassar, Indonesia.
  • Akib MNR The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, and Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
  • Al Harby L Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq.
  • Al Ani MH Zarifa Aliyeva National Center of Ophthalmology, Baku, Azerbaijan.
  • Alakbarova A Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
  • Portabella SA Pediatric Oncology Unit, Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
  • Al-Badri SAF Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.
  • Alcasabas APA College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
  • Al-Dahmash SA Unidad Nacional de Oncología Pediátrica, Guatemala City, Guatemala.
  • Alejos A Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer, Marianao, Havana, Cuba.
  • Alemany-Rubio E University of Parakou, Parakou, Benin.
  • Alfa Bio AI St Damien Pediatric Hospital, Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
  • Alfonso Carreras Y Department of Ophthalmology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
  • Al-Haddad C Pediatric Oncology Department, National Oncology Center, Sana'a, Yemen.
  • Al-Hussaini HHY Pediatric Oncology Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
  • Ali AM University Hospital Center Mother Theresa, Tirana, Albania.
  • Alia DB Pediatric Oncology Unit, Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
  • Al-Jadiry MF Imam Hussein Cancer Center, Karbala, Iraq.
  • Al-Jumaily U College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
  • Alkatan HM St Erik Eye Hospital, Stockholn, Sweden.
  • All-Eriksson C Ibn Al Haitham Teaching Eye Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq.
  • Al-Mafrachi AARM Beira Central Hospital, Beira, Mozambique.
  • Almeida AA Tripoli Eye Hospital, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya.
  • Alsawidi KM Basra Children's Specialty Hospital, Basra, Iraq.
  • Al-Shaheen AASM Oncology Unit, Child's Central Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq.
  • Al-Shammary EH National Eye Center, Cicendo Eye Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia.
  • Amiruddin PO Bambino Gesù IRCCS Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.
  • Antonino R International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
  • Astbury NJ Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Atalay HT Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
  • Atchaneeyasakul LO Lighthouse For Christ Eye Centre, Mombasa, Kenya.
  • Atsiaya R Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
  • Attaseth T Yangon Eye Hospital, University of Medicine 1, Yangon, Myanmar.
  • Aung TH Retina Consultants of Houston, Houston, Texas.
  • Ayala S Scientific Center of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
  • Baizakova B Pediatric Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
  • Balaguer J Zarifa Aliyeva National Center of Ophthalmology, Baku, Azerbaijan.
  • Balayeva R Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Children's University Hospital of Krakow, Krakow, Poland.
  • Balwierz W Pediatric Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
  • Barranco H International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
  • Bascaran C Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
  • Beck Popovic M Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr Carlos Sáenz Herrera, San Jose, Costa Rica.
  • Benavides R Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Hassan II Fès, Fez, Morocco.
  • Benmiloud S Center Hospitalier et Universitaire Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco.
  • Bennani Guebessi N Ophthalmologic Department of the Teaching Hospital of Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
  • Berete RC Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
  • Berry JL The Calcutta Medical Research Institute, Kolkata, India.
  • Bhaduri A Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Narayana Health City, Bangalore, India.
  • Bhat S University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
  • Biddulph SJ Department of Ophthalmology, Essen University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
  • Biewald EM The Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy, Odessa, Ukraine.
  • Bobrova N Department of Ophthalmology, Essen University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
  • Boehme M Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City.
  • Boldt HC Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP, São Paulo, Brazil.
  • Bonanomi MTBC Department of Ophthalmology, Essen University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
  • Bornfeld N Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo de Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
  • Bouda GC Institut Hédi Raïs d'Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
  • Bouguila H Etablissement Hospitalière Spécialise Emir Abdelkader CEA Service d'Oncologie Pédiatrique, Oran, Algeria.
  • Boumedane A Solid Tumor Division, Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
  • Brennan RC Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussel, Belgium.
  • Brichard BG Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
  • Buaboonnam J Hospital Infantil Manuel de Jesús Rivera, Managua, Nicaragua.
  • Calderón-Sotelo P Hospital del Niño Dr. Francisco De Icaza Bustamante, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
  • Calle Jara DA Department of Ophthalmology, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
  • Camuglia JE Salud Ocular, Ministerio de Salud Publica, Asuncion, Paraguay.
  • Cano MR Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
  • Capra M Institut Curie, Université de Paris Medicine Paris V Descartes, Paris, France.
  • Cassoux N Centro Hospital Universitário de Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
  • Castela G Hospital Pereira Rossell, Montevideo, Uruguay.
  • Castillo L Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.
  • Català-Mora J Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.
  • Chantada GL Paediatric Ophthalmology Department, Mayo Hospital and College of Allied Visual Sciences, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan.
  • Chaudhry S Department of Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Orbit and Ocular Oncology, PBMA's H. V. Desai Eye Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
  • Chaugule SS University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.
  • Chauhan A Ocular Oncology Service, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
  • Chawla B Eye Clinic, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Alexandrovska, Medical University, Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria.
  • Chernodrinska VS Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
  • Chiwanga FS National Center for Maternal and Children Health of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
  • Chuluunbat T Department of Ophthalmology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
  • Cieslik K Starship Children's Health, Auckland, New Zealand.
  • Cockcroft RL Institute of Oncology, Prof. Dr Al. Trestioreanu, Bucharest, Romania.
  • Comsa C Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.
  • Correa ZM Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.
  • Correa Llano MG Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis.
  • Corson TW Bustamante Hospital for Children, Kingston, Jamaica.
  • Cowan-Lyn KE Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
  • Csóka M Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
  • Cui X Quelimane Central Hospital, Quelimane, Mozambique.
  • Da Gama IV Department of Ophthalmology, Songklanagarind Hospital, Prince of Songkla University, Songkla, Thailand.
  • Dangboon W Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India.
  • Das A Ocular Oncology Services, Dr Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India.
  • Das S Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
  • Davanzo JM Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and the University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
  • Davidson A Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussel, Belgium.
  • De Potter P National Children's Hospital, Panama City, Panama.
  • Delgado KQ Department of Ophthalmology, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
  • Demirci H Institut Curie, Paris, France.
  • Desjardins L Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Perú.
  • Diaz Coronado RY The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
  • Dimaras H Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago, Christchurch, Children's Haematology and Oncology Center, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand.
  • Dodgshun AJ The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
  • Donaldson C Pediatric Oncology Institute, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
  • Donato Macedo CR Institute of Oncology, Prof. Dr Al. Trestioreanu, Bucharest, Romania.
  • Dragomir MD Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
  • Du Y University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
  • Du Bruyn M Ophthalmology Department, Dr M. Djamil General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, West Sumatra, Indonesia.
  • Edison KS Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Sanglah Eye Hospital, Bali, Indonesia.
  • Eka Sutyawan IW Center Hospitalier et Universitaire Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco.
  • El Kettani A Tripoli Eye Hospital, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya.
  • Elbahi AM Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
  • Elder JE Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357, Cairo, Egypt.
  • Elgalaly D Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357, Cairo, Egypt.
  • Elhaddad AM Department of Oncology, National Cancer Institute, University of Gezira, Wadi Madani, Sudan.
  • Elhassan MMA Pediatric Oncology Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
  • Elzembely MM Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
  • Essuman VA Magrabi ICO Cameroon Eye Institute, Yaounde, Cameroon.
  • Evina TGA Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
  • Fadoo Z Hospital Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • Fandiño AC Pediatric Growth and Development Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Rasool Akram Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
  • Faranoush M Department of Ophthalmology, University College Hospital, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
  • Fasina O Mi Clinic, Ciudad del Este, Paraguay.
  • Fernández DDPG Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain.
  • Fernández-Teijeiro A International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
  • Foster A Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
  • Frenkel S Hospital Escuela, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
  • Fu LD Pediatric Oncology Department, Benjamin Bloom National Children's Hospital, San Salvador, El Salvador.
  • Fuentes-Alabi SL The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
  • Gallie BL Lions Sight First Eye Hospital, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi.
  • Gandiwa M ClínicaAnglo American, Lima, Perú.
  • Garcia JL Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Sevilla, Spain.
  • García Aldana D St Damien Pediatric Hospital, Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
  • Gassant PY Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa.
  • Geel JA Retina and Vitreous Service, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
  • Ghassemi F Unidad Nacional de Oncología Pediátrica, Guatemala City, Guatemala.
  • Girón AV Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
  • Gizachew Z Pediatric Oncology Department, Benjamin Bloom National Children's Hospital, San Salvador, El Salvador.
  • Goenz MA Murray Ocular Oncology and Retina, Miami, Florida.
  • Gold AS Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
  • Goldberg-Lavid M Department of Ophthalmology, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
  • Gole GA Department of Ophthalmology, Sourasky Medical Center Tel Aviv, School of Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
  • Gomel N Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
  • Gonzalez E Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.
  • Gonzalez Perez G Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer, Marianao, Havana, Cuba.
  • González-Rodríguez L Pediatric Oncology Unit, Instituto Regional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas del Sur, Arequipa, Perú.
  • Garcia Pacheco HN Unidad de Oncologia Ocular Hospital Oncologico Luis Razzetti, Caracas, Venezuela.
  • Graells J IAM NOOR Eye Care Programme, Afghanistan.
  • Green L Department of Clinical Genetics and Center for Rare Disorders, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
  • Gregersen PA National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
  • Grigorovski NDAK Département de Pédiatrie, CHU Sylvanus Olympio, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo.
  • Guedenon KM National Cancer Institute, Maharagama, Sri Lanka.
  • Gunasekera DS Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Gündüz AK Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, India.
  • Gupta H King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India.
  • Gupta S Retinoblastoma Referral Center, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
  • Hadjistilianou T Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
  • Hamel P The Indus Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.
  • Hamid SA Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
  • Hamzah N John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.
  • Hansen ED Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
  • Harbour JW John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.
  • Hartnett ME Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Hasanreisoglu M Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.
  • Hassan S Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
  • Hassan S University Children's Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia.
  • Hederova S Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Lima, Perú.
  • Hernandez J National Children's Hospital, Panama City, Panama.
  • Hernandez LMC Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Center, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
  • Hessissen L Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia.
  • Hordofa DF Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
  • Huang LC Emory Eye Center, Atlanta, Georgia.
  • Hubbard GB Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
  • Hummlen M University Children's Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia.
  • Husakova K Oncology Unit, Child's Central Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq.
  • Hussein Al-Janabi AN Bambino Gesù IRCCS Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.
  • Ida R Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.
  • Ilic VR Pacific International Hospital, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.
  • Jairaj V Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
  • Jeeva I Eye Department, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
  • Jenkinson H Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
  • Ji X Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
  • Jo DH Clínica Oftalmológica Pasteur, Santiago, Chile.
  • Johnson KP Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston.
  • Johnson WJ The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
  • Jones MM Bukavu Eye Clinic, Bukavu Official University, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
  • Kabesha TBA Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo de Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
  • Kabore RL Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
  • Kaliki S Department of Ophthalmology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences Kamplala, Uganda.
  • Kalinaki A Division of Pediatric Oncology, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
  • Kantar M Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
  • Kao LY Ophthalmology Department, Central Children's Hospital of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia.
  • Kardava T Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine and Oncology Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
  • Kebudi R St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Masaryk University, and International Clinical Research Center/St Anna University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.
  • Kepak T Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
  • Keren-Froim N Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
  • Khan ZJ Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Ameer-Ud-Din Medical College, Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan.
  • Khaqan HA Angkor Hospital for Children, Krong Siem Reap, Cambodia.
  • Khauv P Duke Eye Center, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina.
  • Kheir WJ Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India.
  • Khetan V Retina and Vitreous Service, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
  • Khodabande A Ophthalmology Department, Central Children's Hospital of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia.
  • Khotenashvili Z Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
  • Kim JW Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
  • Kim JH Ocular Oncology Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Kiratli H Ocular Oncology Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
  • Kivelä TT East Tallinn Central Hospital, Tallinn, Estonia.
  • Klett A Oncologue Pédiatre Responsable d'Unité de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic.
  • Komba Palet JEK Children's Ophthalmology Department, Children's Hospital of Vilnius, University Hospital Santaros Clinic, Vilnius, Lithuania.
  • Krivaitiene D Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
  • Kruger M Vitreo-Retina Research Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
  • Kulvichit K National Eye Center, Cicendo Eye Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia.
  • Kuntorini MW Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
  • Kyara A University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
  • Lachmann ES Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
  • Lam CPS Perth Children's Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
  • Lam GC Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City.
  • Larson SA Clinical Center of Vojvodina, University Eye Clinic, Eye Research Foundation Vidar-Latinović, Novi Sad, Serbia.
  • Latinovic S Division of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
  • Laurenti KD John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, and University of Southern California Roski Eye Institute, Los Angeles.
  • Le BHA Division of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
  • Lecuona K Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona.
  • Leverant AA Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali City, China.
  • Li C Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, Kathmandu, Nepal.
  • Limbu B Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore, Singapore.
  • Long QB Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
  • López JP University Clinics of Lubumbashi, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Rrepublic of Congo.
  • Lukamba RM Institut Curie, Paris, France.
  • Lumbroso L Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplantation, Center for Global Health, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Aurora.
  • Luna-Fineman S Department of Ophthalmology, Dr Soetomo General Hospital, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
  • Lutfi D Okhmatdyt National Children's Hospital, Kiev, Ukraine.
  • Lysytsia L Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston.
  • Magrath GN Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Apollo Center for Advanced Pediatrics, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India.
  • Mahajan A IAM NOOR Eye Care Programme, Afghanistan.
  • Majeed AR Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
  • Maka E Sekuru Kaguvi Eye Unit, Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals, Harare, Zimbabwe.
  • Makan M National Center of Oncology and Hematology, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
  • Makimbetov EK Lions Sight First Eye Hospital, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi.
  • Manda C Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
  • Martín Begue N University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham.
  • Mason L University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham.
  • Mason JO Lighthouse For Christ Eye Centre, Mombasa, Kenya.
  • Matende IO Duke Eye Center, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina.
  • Materin M National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
  • Mattosinho CCDS Ruharo Eye Centre, Ruharo Mission Hospital, Mbarara, Uganda.
  • Matua M University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
  • Mayet I Scottish Livingstone Hospital, Molepolole, Botswana.
  • Mbumba FB Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
  • McKenzie JD Department of Oncology, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico.
  • Medina-Sanson A MAHAK Hematology Oncology Research Center, Mahak Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
  • Mehrvar A Department of Ophthalmology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
  • Mengesha AA Centre for Sight, New Delhi, India.
  • Menon V Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.
  • Mercado GJVD Division of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
  • Mets MB Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
  • Midena E Sankara Eye Hospital, Bangalore, India.
  • Mishra DKC Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania.
  • Mndeme FG Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan.
  • Mohamedani AA King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan.
  • Mohammad MT Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
  • Moll AC Hospital Infantil Dr Robert Reid Cabral, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
  • Montero MM Hospital Infantil Manuel de Jesús Rivera, Managua, Nicaragua.
  • Morales RA Service d'Oncologie Pédiatrique de l'Hôpital Aristide le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal.
  • Moreira C Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
  • Mruthyunjaya P Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania.
  • Msina MS Lions Sight First Eye Hospital, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi.
  • Msukwa G Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, India.
  • Mudaliar SS Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia.
  • Muma KI Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile de Aveugles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
  • Munier FL Institute of Oncology, Prof. Dr Al. Trestioreanu, Bucharest, Romania.
  • Murgoi G Murray Ocular Oncology and Retina, Miami, Florida.
  • Murray TG Department of Ophthalmology, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
  • Musa KO The Children's Hospital and the Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan.
  • Mushtaq A Division of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
  • Mustak H Abii Specialists Hospital, Bamenda, Cameroon.
  • Muyen OM University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
  • Naidu G Aditya Jyot Eye Hospital, Mumbai, India.
  • Nair AG N.N. Alexandrov National Cancer Centre of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus.
  • Naumenko L Cheikh Anta Diop University, Le Dantec Hospital, Dakar, Senegal.
  • Ndoye Roth PA Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia.
  • Nency YM Moscow Helmholtz Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia.
  • Neroev V Ho Chi Minh Eye Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.
  • Ngo H Hospital Infantil Dr Robert Reid Cabral, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
  • Nieves RM Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.
  • Nikitovic M Department of Ophthalmology, Calabar Children's Eye Center, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar Nigeria.
  • Nkanga ED Magrabi ICO Cameroon Eye Institute, Yaounde, Cameroon.
  • Nkumbe H Chittagong Eye Infirmary and Training Complex, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
  • Nuruddin M Arthur Davison Children's Hospital, Ndola, Zambia.
  • Nyaywa M CHU Angondje Cancerologie, Libreville, Gabon.
  • Obono-Obiang G Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria.
  • Oguego NC Department of Ophthalmology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
  • Olechowski A Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.
  • Oliver SCN Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana.
  • Osei-Bonsu P Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile.
  • Ossandon D Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
  • Paez-Escamilla MA RS Dr Wahidin Sudirohusodo, Makassar, Indonesia.
  • Pagarra H Eye Department, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
  • Painter SL Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana.
  • Paintsil V National Ophthalmological Institute of Angola, Luanda, Angola.
  • Paiva L H M Diwan Eye Foundation, and Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India.
  • Pal BP Sankara Eye Hospital, Bangalore, India.
  • Palanivelu MS Department of Oncology, Yerevan State Medical University, and Pediatric Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Armenia, Hematology Center after R. H. Yeolyan, Yerevan, Armenia.
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  • Bowman R
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  • 2020-02-28
Published in:
  • JAMA oncology. - 2020
English Importance
Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale.


Objectives
To report the retinoblastoma stage at diagnosis in patients across the world during a single year, to investigate associations between clinical variables and national income level, and to investigate risk factors for advanced disease at diagnosis.


Design, Setting, and Participants
A total of 278 retinoblastoma treatment centers were recruited from June 2017 through December 2018 to participate in a cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed in 2017.


Main Outcomes and Measures
Age at presentation, proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, and tumor stage and metastasis.


Results
The cohort included 4351 new patients from 153 countries; the median age at diagnosis was 30.5 (interquartile range, 18.3-45.9) months, and 1976 patients (45.4%) were female. Most patients (n = 3685 [84.7%]) were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, the most common indication for referral was leukocoria (n = 2638 [62.8%]), followed by strabismus (n = 429 [10.2%]) and proptosis (n = 309 [7.4%]). Patients from high-income countries (HICs) were diagnosed at a median age of 14.1 months, with 656 of 666 (98.5%) patients having intraocular retinoblastoma and 2 (0.3%) having metastasis. Patients from low-income countries were diagnosed at a median age of 30.5 months, with 256 of 521 (49.1%) having extraocular retinoblastoma and 94 of 498 (18.9%) having metastasis. Lower national income level was associated with older presentation age, higher proportion of locally advanced disease and distant metastasis, and smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma. Advanced disease at diagnosis was more common in LMICs even after adjusting for age (odds ratio for low-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 17.92 [95% CI, 12.94-24.80], and for lower-middle-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 5.74 [95% CI, 4.30-7.68]).


Conclusions and Relevance
This study is estimated to have included more than half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017. Children from LMICs, where the main global retinoblastoma burden lies, presented at an older age with more advanced disease and demonstrated a smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, likely because many do not reach a childbearing age. Given that retinoblastoma is curable, these data are concerning and mandate intervention at national and international levels. Further studies are needed to investigate factors, other than age at presentation, that may be associated with advanced disease in LMICs.
Language
  • English
Open access status
hybrid
Identifiers
Persistent URL
https://sonar.ch/global/documents/19128
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